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“We Freeze to Please” There were various attempts made to deal with the icing problem during the 1920s. The U.S. Air Mail Service, for example, worked closely with Army Air Service techni- cians at McCook Field, the major Air Service research facility in Dayton, Ohio, to find some answers. In 1925, the Army used a small wind tunnel that had been set up in a refrigerated room at McCook to study the formation of ice on pitot tubes. Although the Army failed to come up with a solution, instrument manufacturers later developed elec- trically heated pitot-static tubes.4 The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) first turned its atten- tion to the icing problem in 1928, thanks to the initiative of George W. Lewis, Director of Aeronautical Research. On 10 February, Lewis wrote to Brig. Gen. William E. Gillmore, chief of the Air Material Division of the Air Corps, seeking information about the military’s experience with icing. While Air Corps pilots had a number of encounters with ice, Gillmore responded on 28 February, a search of records produced only a single report. “No active research has yet been undertaken at this [Material] Division on the subject of ice formation,” Gillmore continued. Nonetheless, he was prepared to offer his advice on how to deal with the problem. Heat could be applied to the parts of the air- plane on which ice usually formed, he noted, although the means by which this could be accomplished remained untested. Also, he held out the hope that waterproof finishes might work, as they did for the aquatic birds that often passed through regions where ice frequently forms. “Propellers,” he noted, “have been greased in some cases with apparent success in preventing ice formation.” Gillmore went on to suggest a variety of approaches that might be adopted to inves- tigate the problem of icing. Flight research, he suggested, would probably be the most expensive alternative but also would be “the most certain to achieve results.” Also, space could be secured in “a cold storage plant, where an air-conditioning apparatus could be installed to create the ice-forming atmosphere in which to whirl model airfoils.” While several government agencies might become involved in seeking a solution to the icing problem, Gillmore concluded, the NACA should coordinate the various efforts. Accordingly, he recommended “that an authorization for research on this subject by the NACA be approved.”5 No doubt as a result of Lewis’s initiative, the Navy’s Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) joined with the Air Corps in supporting a program of research into icing. “The problem 4 Bradley Smith, “Icing Wings,” U.S. Air Services 15 (April 1930): 22–25; Montgomery Knight and William C. Clay, “Refrigerated Wind Tunnel Tests on Surface Coatings for Preventing Ice Formation,” NACA TN 339 (May 1930). 5 Gillmore to Lewis, 28 February 1928, File RA 247, Historical Archive, Floyd C. Thompson Technical Library, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA. 2PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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