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“We Freeze to Please” Annual Report for 1929 noted, had been devoted “to means for controlling the amount of water sprayed into the air stream, the size of water particles, and the temperatures of the air and water.” Commercial spray nozzles simply could not produce the small water droplets that were found in natural icing. Nonetheless, it was possible to use the facility for some icing research; although fuller experimental capabilities would come only after the construction of an icing research tunnel in the 1940s.12 The first tests in the tunnel employed a section of a Clark Y mahogany airfoil. Widely used in the design of wings for aircraft during the 1920s, the high-lift airfoil fea- tured a 3-inch chord and a 12-inch span. Researchers Montgomery Knight and William C. Clay left half the airfoil bare and brushed the other half with a thin coating of sub- stances designed to retard the formation of ice. They first investigated six insoluble compounds: light and heavy lubricating oil, cup grease, Vaseline, paraffin, and simonize wax. None of the coatings prevented ice from accreting on the model. “The drops adhered to the surface,” they reported, “especially at the stagnation point of the leading edge, and [they] froze quite readily as on the bare wing.” The researchers next tried five soluble substances: glycerin, glycerin and calcium chloride, molasses and calcium chloride, a hardened sugar solution, and a hardened glu- cose solution. The first three were brushed on the airfoil, but the sugar and glucose had to be boiled down and applied while hot. When they hardened, Knight and Clay noted, they had the consistency of “taffy candy.” The solubles were supposed to dissolve with water as it struck the airfoil and lower the freezing point so that ice would not form. The glycerin and calcium chlorate solutions, however, immediately blew back from the leading edge and left it bare. The sugar and glucose solutions remained on the airfoil, but ice built up on top of them. Knight and Clay also tested corn syrup, honey, glycerin soap, commercial paint, and goose grease. All proved disappointing except the White Karo corn syrup, which seemed to provide some protection against ice accretion and merited further study. Perhaps the most useful information derived from the first of what would prove a lengthy quest for ice-phobic materials was the observation that ice formed only on the leading edge of the airfoil in all tests. “Any preventive compound,” they concluded, “need be applied only to that part of the wing to be effective.”13 Flight tests brought more promising results. In June 1931, famed physicist Theodore Theodorsen and researcher William C. Clay reported on the use of engine 12 Fifteenth Annual Report of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1929 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1930), pp. 25–26. 13 Knight and Clay, “Refrigerated Wind Tunnel Tests on Surface Coatings for Preventing Ice Formation,” NACA TN 339 (1930). 8PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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