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written, “it is obvious that present techniques for simulating icing conditions are entirely inadequate.” Researchers needed suitable instruments for measuring the properties of the artificial cloud in the tunnel. Also, there had to be better control of drop-size distribution. The main problem was the production and distribution of a suitable spray. “I am forced to conclude,” Houghton had reported, “that it will not be possible to produce uniform icing conditions over more than a small fraction of cross-section of the measuring section of the present icing tunnel at AERL.”31 Despite Houghton’s pessimism, the next year, during which the name of the Cleveland facility was changed to the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, saw substan- tial progress in developing a spray nozzle that would produce the needed droplet sizes. Given carte blanche by Silverstein to solve the problem, engineer Glen Hennings put together a team that modified the Hunter-designed nozzle that had been used earlier by Fleming in the Altitude Wind Tunnel tests. Instead of a 0.010-inch diameter hole in the water tube, Hennings substituted a 0.020-inch-diameter hypodermic tubing (internal diameter about 0.010-inch) and soldered it into each nozzle. The resulting droplets could then be atomized by air flowing around the tubing, and much less compressed air was required. In November 1948, Vern G. Rollin, Hunter’s deputy, reported, “water spray nozzles capable of producing narrow and wide ranges of droplet size and distribution from 5 to 200 microns have now been developed.”32 There still remained the problem of producing a uniform 4-foot by 4-foot icing cloud. Some 40 to 50 of the new nozzles were placed on six horizontal spray bars, and test runs began. Although the nozzles were built to the same specifications, they tended to act dif- ferently. In addition, some of the water tube holes would periodically plug up due to small particles in the water because the Cleveland water contained numerous minerals. Engineer Christenson solved this problem by purchasing a demineralizer and designing a system that could handle the demineralized water. Still, the air flow in the tunnel was not uniform. As a result, calibration of the new spray system became a time-consuming, often frustrating process. “We worked for months,” researcher Thomas F. Gelder recalled, “experimenting with different nozzle locations and with a range of air and water pressure levels.” By 1950, however, it had become possible to produce a uniform icing cloud in the tunnel. It had taken over five years, and it represented a significant technological achievement for the Cleveland icing team. The way was now clear to accelerate research efforts in the IRT.33 The IRT Takes Shape 31 Houghton, “Progress Report for Meeting of Sub-Committee on De-Icing Problems,” 9 April 1947, NASA History Office. 32 Christenson interview; Rollin interview; Rollin, “Progress Report of Lewis Propulsion Research Laboratory,” 8 November 1948, NASA History Office. 33 Christenson interview; interview with Thomas F. Gelder by William M. Leary, 18 June 2000. 37PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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