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“We Freeze to Please” method was cumbersome, and it was applicable only in clouds where the temperature was below 32°F.2 The need for additional data led the Cleveland researchers to develop an auto- matic icing rate meter. This instrument operated on a differential pressure basis. When tiny orifices in the device were plugged by ice, a pressure switch was activated that turned on heat to eliminate the ice formation. When the ice was gone, the change in pressure automatically turned off the heat. From the duration of the cycle, researchers could determine the rate of ice accumulation. By the winter of 1950–51, the perfected device was being carried onboard aircraft of Northwest, United, American, and TWA on routes throughout the continental United States, Alaska, and across the North Atlantic. The U.S. Air Force also participated in this program, pro- viding worldwide data.3 NACA researchers discovered that the average droplet size in icing clouds was in the range of 10 to 25 microns in diameter. Maximum water content was about 1.5 grams per cubic meter in stratus clouds and as high as 3.5 grams in cumulus clouds. High water content, however, did not extend for more than 0.5 of a mile in cumulus clouds and 10 to 20 miles in stratus clouds.4 This information not only assisted icing researchers in their work, but also pro- vided the basis for ice-protection design standards that later were adopted by the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Civil Air Regulations (CARs) before 1953 required only that if de-icing boots were installed, there must be a positive means of deflating all wing boots. In December 1953, Part 4b of the CARs expanded these requirements to include cockpit vision in icing conditions, a heated pitot tube for airspeed indication, propeller de-icing, protection of induction systems, and other anti-icing and de-icing requirements. A major addition to the regulations took place in August 1955 with the introduc- tion of icing envelopes. Using mostly the data that NACA researchers had accumulated during multicylinder flights, the CAA defined icing envelopes in terms of liquid water 2 R. J. Brun, W. Lewis, P. J. Perkins, and J. S. Serafini, “Impingement of Cloud Droplets and Procedure for Measuring Liquid-Water Content and Droplet Size in Supercooled Clouds by Rotating Multicylinder Method,” NACA Report 1215 (September 1955); Perkins interview. 3 P. J. Perkins, S. McCullough, and R. D. Lewis, “A Simplified Instrument for Recording and Indicating Frequency and Intensity of Icing Conditions Encountered in Flight,” NACA RM E51E16 (1951); Wing Tips, 24 November 1950; William Lewis, “Icing Conditions to be Expected in the Operation of High-Speed, High- Altitude Airplanes,” NACA Conference on Some Problems of Aircraft Operation, 17–18 November 1954. 4 Alun R. Jones and William Lewis, “Recommended Values of Meteorological Factors to be Considered in the Design of Aircraft Ice-Prevention Systems,” NACA TN 1855 (1949). 40PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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