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foils under a variety of icing conditions. For example, at high angles of attack (8 °), ice formations on the upper surface near the leading edge of the NACA 65-212 airfoil caused large increases in drag and incipient stalling.15 The data points for these—and all other—experiments were obtained with the assis- tance of a corps of young women who were known as “computers.” During experiments, researchers would take about 100 data points during an evening’s test run. A bank of some 100 manometer tubes, 0.75 of an inch apart and with a 0.1-inch scale between the two tubes, recorded pressure, strain gauge readings, and other information. Cameras would take photographs of the manometers at different stages of the experiment. The next day, a stack of these photographs would appear in the NACA’s computing section, located on the second floor of the 8 x 6-foot tunnel building. There were three offices in the section: a “big office” which contained some thirty-five young women; a middle office, with twenty to twenty-five women; and a small office, with ten women with advanced mathematical skills. Jane Gavlak, who worked in the “big office” between 1948 and 1954, was one of the “computers” who would read and plot the measurements from the tubes. Reading and plotting one manometer board of 100 tubes would yield 1 data point. As the experiments would take 100 data points in an evening, the researchers would not get the readings for two or three weeks. It took “hours and hours” of tedious work to read and plot the results, Gavlak remembered. Nonetheless, it was a good job for a high school graduate. It paid well ($1,900 a year for a 40-hour week), and there was little turnover in the section. Women usually left only for marriage and pregnancy. Morale was high, as researchers often would involve the women in their work. An experienced “computer” could often identify prob- lems with the data and alert researchers that there might have been a mistake in taking the information. Such an alert could save weeks of efforts for a researcher.16 During the 1940s, NACA research had established the feasibility and design basis for a thermal anti-icing system that continuously applied sufficient heat to critical air- craft components to maintain impinging super-cooled droplets in a liquid state over the entire surface. This was the research, based on studies of propeller-driven aircraft, that had won Rodert the Collier Trophy for 1946. In 1950, however, Gelder and Lewis pre- sented a paper at a meeting of the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences (the predecessor of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics) that called into question the via- A Golden Age 15 von Glahn and Gray, “Effect of Ice Formations on Section Drag of Swept NACA 63A-009 Airfoil with Partial Span Leading Edge Slat for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection,” NACA RM E53J30 (1954); Gray and von Glahn, “Effect of Ice and Frost Formations on Drag of NACA 65-212 Airfoil for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection,” NACA TN 2962 (1953). 16 Jane Gavlak Zager interview. 49PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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