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and James Newton, for example, had undertaken a major study to find out where the water went after it left the spray nozzles and passed through the test section as an icing cloud. By collecting and weighing the ice that froze on the turning vanes, fan blades, and between the fins of the heat exchanger, Olsen and Newton were able to determine where and how much water was deposited at various points along the tunnel loop. “Nothing like this had ever been attempted before,” Reinmann pointed out. “This was a very phys- ically difficult job, and I always considered it a highlight of the history of our icing program.”19 Although not prepared to spend the large amount of money to refurbish the AWT, NASA Headquarters did approve a major modification program for the heavily used IRT. In February 1986, the tunnel was shut down. It would not reopen until January 1988. Manager Zager was in charge of this modernization project. Under his watchful eye, improvements were made in the following six major areas: 1. New spray nozzles and an aerodynamically designed spray bar that had been developed for the AWT were placed in the IRT. Instead of the previous six spray bars and seventy-seven nozzles, the new arrangement featured eight bars. In addition to the stan- dard air-assisted nozzles with a tube diameter of 0.025 inches, the new system also included a modified nozzle (mod-1) that had been designed by Olsen and featured a tube diameter of 0.0155 inches. When using standard nozzles, the bars contained ninety-four nozzles. With the mod-1 configuration, an additional nozzle was added. At 145 miles per hour, the standard nozzles produced a uniform icing cloud that measured 3 feet by 4 feet. With the mod-1 nozzles, the size of the cloud was 2 feet by 3 feet, but it more closely approximated the lower liquid content of natural icing clouds. Cloud uniformity varied with airspeed. At 70 miles per hour with standard nozzles, the cloud was uniform over much of the test area; at 220 miles per hour, the cloud shrank to 1.5 feet to 2.5 feet. 2. A new 5,000-hp drive motor replaced the motor that had been installed in 1944. 3. Most noticeable of all the innovations was a Westinghouse Distributed Process Control System, which provided programmable, digital control of the drive motor, refrigeration system, spray bar system, and other support systems. Prior to this, the IRT had used analog controls with a huge bank of manometers and paper recorders. Water came into the tiny control room, where flow rates and pressures were set by flow control valves. Three to four people crowded into the room to take data and to photograph the manometer board. It was a laborious, time-consuming process. The computerized control system, the first time such a system was used at Lewis, brought the IRT up to state of the art. Operators now controlled water and air pressure, wind speed, and temperature by pressing keys on a keyboard, while they observed con- Back in Business 19 Reinmann to Leary, 1 June 2001. 99PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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