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“We Freeze to Please” tions.” Nonetheless, there remained a great deal of work to be done. The next phase of research into the phenomenon of SLD icing, they believed, should be “a fairly rigorous flight program.” Because so little data was available to characterize naturally occurring large droplet icing conditions, flight tests were necessary “to generate a realistic large droplet cloud envelope for the IRT and to help define tests to investigate the effects of varying LWC on large droplet ice accretions.” Following the IRT tests, NASA and the FAA agreed to co-sponsor a three-year pro- gram of flight research to develop a database to document atmospheric large droplet icing, improve weather forecasting tools, extend icing simulation capabilities of the IRT and LEWICE, and provide educational information to pilots to help them deal with large droplet icing encounters. Joining NASA and the FAA in this program was the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which would provide weather fore- casts and inflight guidance. In addition, Atmospheric Environmental Services, Robotic Vision Systems Incorporated, and BFGoodrich Aerospace provided special equipment for NASA’s Twin Otter.8 Target areas for the research program would be the Great Lakes region. Not only did this location have conditions that were conducive to large droplet icing, but it also was seeing an increasing number of commuter flights. NCAR scientists examined meteoro- logical data for the Cleveland area for the years 1961 to 1990 and concluded that the highest probability for encountering SLD conditions occurred during the months of December through March. NASA conducted research flights in 1997 between 13 January and 5 February, and between 6 March and 3 April. In all, twenty-nine flights took place. Four flights were conducted in clear air in order to establish an ice-free baseline. Most of the flights into icing encountered a mixture of small and large droplets. Three flights, however, were made in prolonged large droplet conditions. A typical mission for this program began with preflight checks of the aircraft and instrumentation at 6 A.M. This was followed by a weather briefing from NCAR at 7 A.M. Forecasters used a variety of information in an attempt to locate icing areas. Infrared satellite imagery determined cloud locations, cloud top temperature, cloud top altitude, and the likelihood of liquid water versus ice crystals, while radar identified areas of pre- cipitation. Forecasters also had surface observations, surface and upper air charts, and pilot reports. They integrated this information to identify large droplet and other icing areas, then suggested a flight location, strategy for sampling the clouds, and an escape 8 Dean Miller, Thomas Ratvasky, Ben Bernstein, Frank McDonough, and J. Walter Strapp, “NASA/FAA/NCAR Supercooled Large Droplet Icing Flight Research: Summary of Winter 96–97 Flight Operations,” NASA TM 206620 (1998). 138PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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