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put out a second video in 1999 that reviewed recent research into icing problems for regional and corporate pilots.21 Thomas Bond, who became head of the icing branch in 1998, believes that the videos have made a major contribution in the area of education. They also have been cost-effective. Whereas the Tailplane Icing Program ran for four years and cost about $1.2 to $1.4 million, the video that used the results of the program took about six months to produce and cost about $45,000. For this small budget, NASA received a high degree of favorable publicity, as well as materially aiding aircraft safety.22 Ratvasky considered the Tailplane Icing Program to be a perfect example of how the various parts of NASA’s icing research interconnected to produce results. The IRT, LEWICE computer codes, and flight research combined to greatly improve the aviation community’s understanding of the phenomenon of tailplane icing, its effect on aero- performance, and what could be done to combat it. Flight research, he emphasized, was a crucial component of this effort, as it provided a “truth statement” for simulations.23 It came, therefore, as a bitter disappointment when NASA Headquarters decided in 1999 to terminate the flight research program in the interests of cost-cutting. The deci- sion provoked both private and public protests. Icing chief Bond told his superiors at the recently renamed John F. Glenn Research Center that terminating flight operations would lead to “the loss of a world-class facility and the flight research staff core compe- tency that is unparalleled in any organization in the world.” Glenn acting deputy director Gerald Barna argued in a memo to NASA Headquarters that the Twin Otter was “research essential” and should remain in service for at least two more years.24 David M. North, editor-in-chief of the influential journal Aviation Week & Space Technology, spoke for many in the aviation community in a forthright editorial that called into question NASA’s priorities. The Glenn Center, he pointed out, had “one of the best refrigerated wind tunnels in the business, and its researchers are the acknowledged leaders in the study of icing on the stability, control, and performance of aircraft.” North was able to attest to “the quality and professionalism” of the icing researchers at Glenn, having par- ticipated in the guest pilot workshop. His flight in the Twin Otter had been “an eye-opener for the recommended recovery procedures when experiencing tailplane icing.” Icing, he emphasized, had been killing people for more than seventy years and con- tinued to do so. This was not the time to let up on icing research and training. For years, New Challenges 21 NASA Lewis icing branch, “Tailplane Icing,” 5 September 1998; NASA Glenn icing branch, “Icing for Regional and Corporate Pilots,” 20 October 1999. 22 Interview with Thomas H. Bond by William M. Leary, 22 September 2000. 23 Ratvasky interview. 24 Cleveland Plain Dealer, 11 January 2000. 147PDF Image | History of NASA Icing Research Tunnel
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