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Mathematics 2021, 9, 33 4 of 31 and building costs, were considered. A multi-location (six locations in Saudi Arabia) analysis has concluded that the highest annual output is noted for Sharurah and lowest for Dhahran. Similarly, Jamil et al. [34] also reported the thermoeconomics of desalination system and concluded that the levelized cost of water production can be variable for various type of desalination system, for example, the production cost of reverse osmo- sis, mechanical vapour compression, multi-effect evaporation/desalination, multistage flash, and thermal vapour compression are 0.9 ± 0.3$/m3, 1.0 ± 0.5$/m3, 1.5 ± 0.5$/m3, 2.0 ± 0.5$/m3, and 2.7 ± 0.8$/m3, respectively. Likewise, Jamil et al. [34] presented that the hybrid desalination plants like energy recovery devices along with the reverse osmosis can have the lowest water production cost at 0.7 ± 0.2$/m3, leading us to the conclusion that further system improvement is needed to cope with the uncertain water security situation in the future. One of the improvement can be related with the internal heat recovery mechanisms within the same desalination system and Xu et al. [35] has emphasized that the ongoing research on HDH desalination system has demonstrated that the internal heat recovery is a significant and potential method for improving the system performance and reducing the freshwater cost. Strictly speaking, conventionally, the HDH systems are driven by a low-grade heat source in the form of a waste heat recovery from another energy system. However, in this work, the authors are emphasizing the waste heat recovery option within the processing circuit of the desalination plant. Although, in literature, some research is available on different types of waste heat recovery procedures either with integration with another external energy resource or from an internal resource. However, this area needs more research to fully understand the potential and benefits of internal waste heat recovery. Therefore, in this work, an opportunity of waste heat recovery is identified in HDH desalination and the system behaviour is reported with and without this waste heat recovery. The waste heat is recovered from the condenser coil by supplying it back to the hot water tank. Although, a variety of research is available on different strategies and methodologies of waste heat recovery within the system and/or integration with other energy systems; nevertheless, no research is focused on the practical thermoeconomic benefits of the HDH desalination plant with waste heat recovery from the condenser coil. The summary of various waste heat recovery in desalination plants is reported in Table 1 along with the identified gaps with the literature, thus highlighting the novelty of the work. Additionally, the waste heat recovery from the system would influence the system performance. However, it would also be a subject to the local conditions, either in terms of climate to influence the thermal indicators or in terms of economic conditions to influence the levelized cost of water production. Therefore, it is very important to realize the analysis of the desalination plant considering the local climatic and economic conditions. This aspect is still missing in the literature and needs more research. Another pivot point of the analysis is that a single-day demonstration of the waste heat recovery in the desalination plant might not be enough (see Table 1 as most of the analysis is based on a selected duration), because the solar integration makes the performance transient. Therefore, a yearly analysis demonstrating the pros and cons of the internal waste heat recovery has quite a significance. Therefore, in conclusion from this discussion, and based on the identified literature gaps, there is still a need to strengthen the research area of the yearly demonstration of waste heat recovery considering the local climatic and economic conditions to fully understand the gain of the system. A checklist is included in Figure 1, highlighting various literature gaps in the literature along with the novelty of the work.PDF Image | Humidification Dehumidification Solar Desalination System
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