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Mathematics 2021, 9, 33 24 of 31 high. The water production rate in August is low because Taxila experiences very high humidity this month; therefore, it decreases the potential of the humidification process in the desalination unit. One important phenomenon can be observed from Figure 12 that the water production is high for each month of the year if the waste heat from the condensing coil is recovered. It is reported here that the freshwater productivity is increased by ~16% for June by recovering the waste heat from the condensing coil. Mathematics 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 12. Yearly freshwater production rate with and without waste heat recovery. Figure 12. Yearly freshwater production rate with and without waste heat recovery. desalination in the Emirate of Abu Dubai and considered multi-stage flash and multi-effect 24 of 33 6. Economic Assessment 6. Economic Assessment Kaya et al. [6] carried out a levelized cost analysis for solar-energy-powered seawater Kaya et al. [6] carried out a levelized cost analysis for solar-energy-powered seawater desalination in the Emirate of Abu Dubai and considered multi-stage flash and multi-effect distillation coupled with thermal power plants while mentioning that these thermal de- distillation coupled with thermal power plants while mentioning that these thermal desalination salination methods are responsible for more than 90% of the desalination capacity in the methods are responsible for more than 90% of the desalination capacity in the Emirate. The findings Emirate. The findings of the article [6] suggest that the analysis considering the levelized of the article [6] suggest that the analysis considering the levelized cost of water for a combination of cost of water for a combination of solar PV and a reverse osmosis system is technologically solar PV and a reverse osmosis system is technologically well-positioned in terms of cheap and clean well-positioned in terms of cheap and clean desalination systems. The authors of refer- desalinationsysetnecmes[.6]Tchoensaiudtehroerdstotfalrecfaepreitnacleco[s6t],acnonsuiadleerendergtoytacloncsaupmitaplticoonstw,iatnhnauraelqeunireerdgysolar consumptionwietnheargreyqsuyisretedmsotloarbeanlaenrgceyasyzseteromintotbhaelagnricdealzoenrgoiwnithetghreidchaelomnigcawlictohsthseacnhdemovicearhlead costsandoverhceoasdtcyoiesltdyiinegldainfignalflienvaellliezveedliczoesdtocofswtaotfewr.aAtesri.mAilsairmaiplaprroaapcphroisacahdoispateddophteerdeihnerwehich the economic assessment involves an estimation of the levelized cost of water production in which the economic assessment involves an estimation of the levelized cost of water production using the total cost of ownership method, which involves capital cost, maintenance cost, using the total cost of ownership method, which involves capital cost, maintenance cost, energy cost, energy cost, and salvage value. This process is depicted in Figure 13. and salvage value. This process is depicted in Figure 13. The following variables are considered for the economical assessment. Solar collector: The following variables are considered for the economical assessment. Solar collector: The The thickness of the glass cover is 3 mm, the emittance of the glass is 0.88, the refractive thickness of the glass cover is 3 mm, the emittance of the glass is 0.88, the refractive index of glass is index of glass is 1.526, the refractive index of air is 1, the absorptance factor of the absorber 1.526, the refractive index of air is 1, the absorptance factor of the absorber plate is 0.94, the extinction plate is 0.94, the extinction coefficient of the glass is 32 m−1, the area of absorber plate is coefficient of the glass is 32 m−1, the area of absorber plate is 1.5 m2, the number of tubes are 20, having 1.5 m2, the number of tubes are 20, having an effective length of 20 m, while the spacing an effective length of 20 m, while the spacing between the tubes is 50 mm, with each tube thickness between the tubes is 50 mm, with each tube thickness of 1 mm, having an outdoor diameter of 1 mm, having an outdoor diameter of 10 mm, and the mass flow rate of water at the inlet of the of 10 mm, and the mass flow rate of water at the inlet of the solar collector is 0.005 kg/s. solar collector is 0.005 kg/s. Humidifier: The length of the section is 1 m with a width of 600 mm and Humidifier: The length of the section is 1 m with a width of 600 mm and a height of 20 mm, a height of 20 mtmhe, thoetatlomtaalsmsaflsoswflorawteriaste0.i0s50k.0g5/ks.gD/s.ehDuemhuidmifiideirf:ieTrh:eThtoetatolthaelahtetartatnrsafnesrfseurrsfuarcfeaacereais 22◦ areais1.5m ,th1e.5temp,ethraettuermepoferwatautereraotftwheatienrleatothfethienlceotnodfetnhseecroinsd2e0n°sCe,rtihse2f0eedC,wthaetefremedaswsaftleorwmass rateis0.01kg/sfl,othweriantneeirsd0.i0a1mkegte/rs,otfhteuibnenseirsd5iammet,etrhoeftoutbaelsniusm5bmemro,fthteubtoetsalarneum20bheravoifntgubaensare 20 having an effective length of 10 m, and the shell diameter is 200 mm. Turbomachinery: effective length of 10 m, and the shell diameter is 200 mm. Turbomachinery: The isentropic efficiency The isentropic efficiency of pumps and blowers is 0.85, the mechanical efficiency of pumps of pumps and blowers is 0.85, the mechanical efficiency of pumps is 0.96, and the mechanical efficiency of blowers is 0.90. Based on these data, the total initial cost of the system including the land and the equipment cost is estimated from the local manufacturers and comes out to be 18,000 PKR.PDF Image | Humidification Dehumidification Solar Desalination System
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