Hybrid Fuel Cell Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle CO2 Storage

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energies Article Hybrid Fuel Cell—Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle for CO2 Sequestration-Ready Combined Heat and Power Rhushikesh Ghotkar 1, Ellen B. Stechel 2 , Ivan Ermanoski 3 and Ryan J. Milcarek 1,* 1 rghotkar1@asu.edu 2 ASU LightWorks® and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5402, USA; Ellen.Stechel@asu.edu 3 ASU LightWorks® and School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5402, USA; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106, USA; Ivan.Ermanoski@asu.edu * Correspondence: Ryan.Milcarek@asu.edu; Tel.: +1-480-965-2724 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 22 September 2020; Published: 24 September 2020 􏰁􏰂􏰃 􏰅􏰆􏰇 􏰈􏰉􏰊􏰋􏰌􏰂􏰍 Abstract: The low prices and its relatively low carbon intensity of natural gas have encouraged the coal replacement with natural gas power generation. Such a replacement reduces greenhouse gases and other emissions. To address the significant energy penalty of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in gas turbine systems, a novel high efficiency concept is proposed and analyzed, which integrates a flame-assisted fuel cell (FFC) with a supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycle air separation. The air separation enables the exhaust from the system to be CO2 sequestration-ready. The FFC provides the heat required for the sCO2 cycle. Heat rejected from the sCO2 cycle provides the heat required for adsorption-desorption pumping to isolate oxygen via air separation. The maximum electrical efficiency of the FFC sCO2 turbine hybrid (FFCTH) without being CO2 sequestration-ready is 60%, with the maximum penalty being 0.68% at a fuel-rich equivalence ratio (Φ) of 2.8, where Φ is proportional to fuel-air ratio. This electrical efficiency is higher than the standard sCO2 cycle by 6.85%. The maximum power-to-heat ratio of the sequestration-ready FFCTH is 233 at a Φ = 2.8. Even after including the air separation penalty, the electrical efficiency is higher than in previous studies. Keywords: supercritical CO2; combined heat and power; flame-assisted fuel cells; carbon sequestration; solid oxide fuel cell 1. Introduction Over the past few decades, natural gas (NG) production in the USA has increased by 40% [1]. NG has been termed a “bridge fuel” between the fossil carbon-intensive electric grid of today and the low fossil carbon grid of the future [2–4]. Along with less carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per kWh [5,6], switching from coal to NG also provides several health benefits. Natural gas power plants emit less sulfur dioxide (SO2) [7], nitrogen oxides (NOx) [2], and primary particulate matter [2] when compared to coal-fired power plants. Emissions of primary particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) have been linked to human mortality and morbidity [8–12]. Recent regulations have focused attention on reducing emissions and are drivers for a switch from coal to NG power plants [1,13]. Though NG plants have much lower emissions than coal, they still produce substantial amounts of CO2—one of the most prominent greenhouse gas other than water vapor in the atmosphere [14]. Therefore, to minimize CO2 emissions, while still maintaining dispatchability, it is important to address two aspects of power generation: (1) increasing power plant efficiency, and (2) sequestering CO2. An electrical efficiency frontrunner power cycle is the supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycle. Further improving the efficiency will require hybrid approaches, including topping and/or bottoming cycles; one example is the use of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as a topping cycle. Energies 2020, 13, 5043; doi:10.3390/en13195043 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

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