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Energies 2020, 13, 5043 8 of 20 poisoning effect on the anode. Other hydrocarbon impurities are not expected to damage the fuel cell since they are reformed in the fuel-rich pre-burner. Tables 1 and 2 show the NASA CEA exhaust composition for combustion of methane in air and methane in oxygen, respectively. The term used for this exhaust composition, when obtained from chemical equilibrium, is ‘model fuel-rich exhaust’. The case of methane in air serves as a base case for comparison; however, the experiment used only the model fuel-rich exhaust for methane in oxygen as Table 2 shows. Since it is difficult to work with steam, and since steam should be non-reactive electrochemically, increasing the CO2 molar flow serves to eliminate while compensating steam from the experiment. Thus, CO2 molar flow rate in the experiment was the same total (steam plus CO2) as in the proposed concept. Table 1. NASA CEA exhaust composition of methane and air for different Φ. Φ 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 Φ 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 H2O (mL·min−1) 0.04 0.17 CO (mL·min−1) 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 H2 (mL·min−1) 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 CO2 (mL·min−1) 0.05 0.18 N2 (mL·min−1) 0.66 0.63 0.60 0.57 0.55 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 Table 2. NASA CEA exhaust composition of methane and oxygen for different Φ. CO (mL·min−1) 0.2672 0.2855 0.2981 0.3061 0.3110 0.3141 0.3163 0.3182 0.3201 H2 (mL·min−1) 0.1560 0.2000 0.2503 0.3053 0.3614 0.4142 0.4612 0.5020 0.5369 CO2 (mL·min−1) 0.0848 0.0695 0.0555 0.0435 0.0341 0.0272 0.0222 0.0185 0.0158 Total (mL·min−1) 0.4715 0.4333 0.3899 0.3418 0.2921 0.2444 0.2010 0.1625 0.1289 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.15 0.02 0.13 0.02 0.11 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.01 0.06 Equation (18) shows the formula to calculate the volumetric flow rate of species ‘i’ as a function of Φ. In Equation (18), Xi and XCH4 are the mole fractions of species ‘i’ and methane, respectively, obtained from Table 2 at the respective Φ. Vmol is the molar volume of an ideal gas at 298 K, 1 bar pressure. Table 3 shows the flow rates subsequently obtained. The gases were all mixed and sent to the FFC subsystem inside a furnace at 1073 K. Previous experiments have shown that the ionic and electronic conductivity of the electrodes and the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte are high at a temperature of 1073 K and above [16]. Furthermore, carbon deposition due to the carbon monoxide disproportionation reaction ( 2CO → C + CO2 ) is less favorable at operating temperatures of 1073 K and higher [16]. Thus, a temperature of 1073 K was chosen for the experiments. Air in the furnace was supplied to the fuel cell cathode. n. Vi = f × Xi × Vmol (18) XCH4PDF Image | Hybrid Fuel Cell Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle CO2 Storage
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