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Energies 2020, 13, 5043 9 of 20 Table 3. Flow rates of gases used in the experiment at different Φ. Φ 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.80 Fuel Cell Fabrication CO (mL·min−1) 3.33 3.81 4.22 4.55 4.82 5.00 5.15 5.25 5.32 H2 (mL·min−1) 1.94 2.68 3.55 4.55 5.59 6.61 7.51 8.28 8.93 CO2 (mL·min−1) 7.18 6.87 6.40 5.78 5.06 4.33 3.63 2.96 2.38 Total (mL·min−1) 12.45 13.36 14.17 14.88 15.47 15.94 16.29 16.49 16.63 Fabrication methods for the FFC anode (NiO + YSZ, (Y2O3)0.08(ZrO2)0.92) and the electrolyte (YSZ, ~22 μm thick) used in this study were reported previously in the literature [24]. Pre-firing of the anode occurred at 1373 K. The electrolyte was dip coated on the anode and sintered at 1673 K for four hours. A buffer layer of Sm0.20Ce0.80O2−x (SDC) was deposited onto the electrolyte using spray deposition [45]. An SDC+LSCF (La0.6Sr0.4)0.95Co0.20Fe0.8O3−x) cathode was deposited onto the buffer layer using dip coating, later dried and sintered at 1373 K for two hours. The final internal diameter of the tubular FFC is 2.2 mm and the outer diameter is 3.3 mm. The current collectors on the cathode and anode use silver wire and gold paste. The total active area of the cell is 4.32 cm2. A source meter (Keithley 2460) is connected to the anode and cathode current collector. We used the current-voltage method with a four-probe technique to obtain the polarization curve and the power density. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Fuel Cell Performance Figure 5 shows the performance of the FFC operating at 1073 K with a simulated methane/oxygen fuel-rich combustion exhaust composition between the Φ of 1.2 to 2.8 and flow rates shown in Table 3. A maximum Φ of 2.8 was chosen as carbon formation becomes thermodynamically favorable at higher Φ and peak hydrogen concentration occurs near this Φ. Figure 5 shows that significant power densities were achieved at all Φ. Figure 5. Modeling results for the FFC operating voltages and power density at 1073 K using a model fuel-rich exhaust composition between 1.2 and 2.8.PDF Image | Hybrid Fuel Cell Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle CO2 Storage
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