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Hybrid Fuel Cell Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle CO2 Storage

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Energies 2020, 13, 5043 18 of 20 5. De Gouw, J.A.; Parrish, D.D.; Frost, G.J.; Trainer, M. Reduced emissions of CO2, NOx, and SO2 from U.S. power plants owing to switch from coal to natural gas with combined cycle technology. Earth’s Future 2014, 2, 75–82. [CrossRef] 6. Hayhoe, K.; Kheshgi, H.S.; Jain, A.K.; Wuebbles, D.J. Substitution of natural gas for coal: Climatic effects of utility sector emissions. Clim. Chang. 2002, 54, 107–139. [CrossRef] 7. Venkatesh, A.; Jaramillo, P.; Griffin, W.M.; Matthews, H.S. Implications of changing natural gas prices in the United States electricity sector for SO2, NOX and life cycle GHG emissions. Environ. Res. Lett. 2012, 7, 034018. [CrossRef] 8. Bell, M.L.; Dominici, F. Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 US communities. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 167, 986–997. [CrossRef] 9. Bell, M.L.; Ebisu, K.; Peng, R.D.; Walker, J.; Samet, J.M.; Zeger, S.L.; Dominici, F. Seasonal and Regional Short-term Effects of Fine Particles on Hospital Admissions in 202 US Counties, 1999–2005. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 168, 1301–1310. [CrossRef] 10. Laden, F.; Schwartz, J.; Speizer, F.E.; Dockery, D.W. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: Extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 173, 667–672. [CrossRef] 11. Pope, C.A.; Ezzati, M.; Dockery, D.W. Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 360, 376–386. [CrossRef] 12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Clean Air Interstate Rule; 2005. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-07/docume nts/transport_ria_final-clean-air-interstate-rule_2005-03.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2020). 13. Interconnection P. Coal Capacity at Risk for Retirement in PJM: Potential Impacts of the Finalized EPA Cross State Air Pollution Rule and Proposed National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. 2011. Available online: http://www.psc.ky.gov/PSCSCF/2011%20cases/2011-00401/Kentucky%20Power%20Respo nses%20to%20042312%20Order/AG/012712/AG%201-14%20Attachments/AG%201-14%20Attachment% 207.pdf (accessed on 23 September 2020). 14. Gaudernack, B.; Lynum, S. Natural gas utilisation without CO2 emissions. Energy Convers. Manag. 1997, 38, S165–S172. [CrossRef] 15. O’Hayre, R.; Cha, S.-W.; Colella, W.; Prinz, F.B. Fuel Cell Fundamentals; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016; ISBN 9781119191766. 16. Milcarek, R.J.; Garrett, M.J.; Welles, T.S.; Ahn, J. Performance investigation of a micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell stack with 3,000 rapid thermal cycles. J. Power Sources 2018, 394, 86–93. [CrossRef] 17. Du, Y.; Finnerty, C.; Jiang, J. Thermal Stability of Portable Microtubular SOFCs and Stacks. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155, B972. [CrossRef] 18. Wang, Y.; Zeng, H.; Cao, T.; Shi, Y.; Cai, N.; Ye, X.; Wang, S. Start-up and operation characteristics of a flame fuel cell unit. Appl. Energy 2016, 178, 415–421. [CrossRef] 19. Wang, Y.; Shi, Y.; Ni, M.; Cai, N. A micro tri-generation system based on direct flame fuel cells for residential applications. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2014, 39, 5996–6005. [CrossRef] 20. Kronemayer, H.; Barzan, D.; Horiuchi, M.; Suganuma, S.; Tokutake, Y.; Schulz, C.; Bessler, W.G. A direct-flame solid oxide fuel cell (DFFC) operated on methane, propane, and butane. J. Power Sources 2007, 166, 120–126. [CrossRef] 21. Vogler, M.; Horiuchi, M.; Bessler, W.G. Modeling, simulation and optimization of a no-chamber solid oxide fuel cell operated with a flat-flame burner. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 7067–7077. [CrossRef] 22. Horiuchi, M.; Suganuma, S.; Watanabe, M. Electrochemical Power Generation Directly from Combustion Flame of Gases, Liquids, and Solids. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, A1402. [CrossRef] 23. Wang, K.; Milcarek, R.J.; Zeng, P.; Ahn, J. Flame-assisted fuel cells running methane. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2015, 40, 4659–4665. [CrossRef] 24. Milcarek, R.J.; Garrett, M.J.; Wang, K.; Ahn, J. Micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cells running methane. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 20670–20679. [CrossRef] 25. Milcarek, R.J.; Wang, K.; Falkenstein-Smith, R.L.; Ahn, J. Micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cells for micro-combined heat and power systems. J. Power Sources 2016, 306, 148–151. [CrossRef] 26. Milcarek, R.J.; Ahn, J. Rich-burn, flame-assisted fuel cell, quick-mix, lean-burn (RFQL) combustor and power generation. J. Power Sources 2018, 381, 18–25. [CrossRef]

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