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limited uses for the resulting hot water. Technologies that allow the use of heat from the steam source directly or from water would allow a large amount of heat recovery. Energy used for pumping water used in cooling streams: Development of air-cooled units would save a large amount of energy used for pumping water. This will also reduce water use. Water is a very valuable resource that is hard to obtain in some of the plants. It is expected that water shortages and increased costs could be major economic issues for many plants in the future. Flared gases: Development of reliable disposal of excess gases that are flared could result in energy savings. The periodic and unpredictable nature of this waste heat source is a major challenge. Paper – Paper Mill The following provides an overview of waste heat sources, their characteristics, and issues for a typical paper mill using the Sulfite process to produce paper. Although Kraft process is more commonly used in typical paper mills, we are discussing the Sulfite process in this section mainly because we visited the paper mill that used sulfite process and the report mostly deals with the plants we visited. We did not attempt to cover all processes/mills: Waste heat in the form of hot water from various processes: This water, which includes water discharged from a water treatment plant, contains several contaminants and impurities. The heat recovery from this water does not present any major technology challenges. Current technology for chemical treatment, filtration, and heat exchangers can meet the plant’s heat recovery requirements. Exhaust air from paper machine dryers: This stream is at a relatively low temperature (140°– 180°F or 60°-82°C), contains a large amount of water vapor, and may contain small, but variable and unpredictable, amounts of fibers and other contaminants that are hard to remove. Moisture with solid contaminants presents serious concerns for performance reliability due to the potential buildup of solids on heat transfer surfaces and the plugging of gas passages. Hence, this presents an opportunity for developing systems that may contain existing components or a novel system for heat recovery. Need for technologies for dehumidifying hot air that includes a very small amount of solids from the plant sources: The temperature range (140°–180°F or 60°-82°C) is too high for use in conventional dehumidifying systems such as desiccant systems. Membrane-type latent heat recovery systems, such as those offered by the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), that can be used for temperatures in this range could have operational and maintenance problems due to the presence of contaminants in the form of solids in the air carrying water vapor. Food (Snack) Manufacturing The following is an overview of typical waste heat sources and their characteristics for food processing, in particular for snack manufacturing and similar operations: Waste heat in the form of clean exhaust gases such as boiler flue gases, gases from product dryers, and toast ovens: These gases range from 300°–600°F (150°-316°C) and may contain varying amounts of moisture. Heat recovery from these gases for conventional uses such as combustion air preheating or make-up air heating is possible; however, several issues such as the economics of combustion air preheating (e.g., the cost of recuperator-regenerator and hot air piping), the type of burners used (premix burners), and the distances and long piping, could be Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 17PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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