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Typical Waste Heat Streams in Plant Operations Several studies have documented waste heat from other industries. Information from these references was used to prepare a summary of waste heat types and their characteristics. The waste streams from almost all industries are primarily in the form of exhaust (flue) gases or vapor, cooling water or other liquid, heated products (solids and liquids) or by-product waste, and high- temperature surfaces of the heating equipment including utility (i.e., primarily steam, hot water, hot gases) distribution system. The waste streams vary in temperature, composition, and content, which may include particulates, vapors, or condensable materials. Following are the types of waste heat streams: Exhaust Gases or Vapors The exhaust gases or vapors can be classified in the following categories: High-temperature combustion products or hot flue gases that are relatively clean and can be recovered using commercially viable heat recovery equipment to produce high-temperature air, steam, or water for use in processing equipment or other uses such as direct discharge for building heating. Examples include a large number of directly fired and indirectly fired heating processes that are widely used by all major industries. High-temperature flue gases or combustion products with contaminants such as particulates and condensable vapors. In many cases, these contaminants would present problems due to condensation of vapors in liquids or solids, which can foul the surfaces of the heat transfer equipment. Examples include exhaust gases from melting furnaces, dryers, kilns, and coal-fired boilers. Heated air or flue gases containing high (>14%) O2 without a large amount of moisture and particulates. This stream does not have as many restrictions on condensation temperature as the combustion precuts due to the absence of acid-forming gases (e.g., CO2) and can be cooled to a lower temperature without having the major detrimental effect of corrosion. Examples include indirectly used cooling air from processes, gas turbine exhaust gases, some product cooling systems, and air coolers used in refrigeration or chiller systems. Process gases or by-product gases and vapors that contain combustibles in gaseous or vapor form requiring further treatment before their release into the atmosphere. Examples are exhaust from coating ovens and process reactors. Process or make-up air mixed with combustion products, large amounts of water vapor, or moisture mixed with small amounts of particulates but no condensable organic vapors. Examples include exhaust air from paper machines, ceramic dryers, and food dryers. Steam discharged as vented steam or steam leaks. Other gaseous streams. Heated Water or Liquid Heated water or liquid can be classified in the following categories: Clean heated water discharged from indirect cooling systems such as process or product cooling or steam condensers. This stream does not contain any solids or gaseous contaminants. Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 21PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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