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Metallic Radiation Recuperator The radiation recuperator consists of two concentric lengths of metal tubing, as shown in Exhibit A-2. The inner tube carries the hot exhaust gases, while the external annulus carries the combustion air from the atmosphere to the air inlets of the furnace burners. The hot gases are cooled by the incoming combustion air, which now carries additional energy into the combustion chamber. The radiation recuperator gets its name from the fact that a substantial portion of the heat transferred from the hot gases to the surface of the inner tube takes place by radiative heat transfer from the exhaust gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, that radiate energy in the infrared region of the spectrum. Radiation heat transfer depends on the gas temperature and the “path length,” that is, the diameter of the inner tube carrying the exhaust gases. The radiation heat transfer is most effective at high temperature-- usually above 1,400°F (760°C); therefore, this type of recuperator is used only for high-temperature process applications. The cold air in the annulus is almost transparent to infrared radiation so that only convection heat transfer takes place to the incoming air. As shown in the diagram, the two gas flows are usually parallel; however, the configuration would be simpler and the heat transfer more efficient if the flows were opposed in direction (or counter flow). The reason for the use of parallel flow is that recuperators frequently serve the additional function of cooling the duct that carries away the exhaust gases to extend its service life. Exhibit A-2: Typical Radiation Recuperator Hybrid Recuperator For maximum effectiveness of heat transfer, hybrid recuperators are used. These are combinations of radiation and convective designs, with a high-temperature radiation section followed by a convective section. These are more expensive than simple metallic radiation recuperators, but are less bulky. Ceramic Recuperator Ceramic tube recuperators have been developed to overcome the temperature limitations of metal recuperators as metal recuperators are normally used for temperatures from 1,600°–1,800°F (870° to Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 45PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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