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Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers A shell and tube heat exchanger must be used when the medium to contain waste heat is a liquid or a vapor which is used to heat another liquid. This is because both paths must be sealed to contain the pressures of their respective fluids. The shell contains the tube bundle and usually internal baffles to direct the fluid in the shell over the tubes in multiple passes. The shell is inherently weaker than the tube, so that the higher pressure fluid is circulated in the tubes while the lower pressure fluid flows through the shell. When a vapor contains the waste heat, it usually condenses, giving up its latent heat to the liquid being heated. In this application, the vapor is almost invariably contained within the shell. If the reverse is attempted, the condensation of vapors within small diameter parallel tubes causes flow instabilities. Tube and shell heat exchangers are available in a wide range of standard sizes with many combinations of materials for the tubes and shells. A shell and tube heat exchanger is illustrated in Exhibit A-10 below. Exhibit A-10: Commonly Used Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger for Fluid Heating Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used in the following applications: Refrigeration and air-conditioning systems Process steam Engines, air compressors, bearings, and lubricants Distillation processes Plate Heat Exchanger The cost of a heat exchange surface is a major factor when the temperature differences are not large. One way of meeting this problem is the plate type heat exchanger, which consists of a series of separate parallel plates forming a thin flow pass. Each plate is separated from the next by gaskets and the hot stream passes in parallel through alternative plates while the liquid to be heated passes in parallel between the hot plates. To improve heat transfer, the plates are corrugated. Hot liquid passing through a bottom port is permitted to pass upward between every second plate while cold liquid at the top is permitted to pass downward between the odd plates. When the directions of hot and cold fluids are opposite, the arrangement is described as counter current. A plate heat exchanger is shown in Exhibit A- 11. Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 52PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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