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Exhibit A-20: Comparison of Low Temperature Electric Power Generation Systems Comparison Source Temperature Range °F (°C) Working Fluid Conversion Efficiency Reported Cost ($/kw) Steam Rankine 800°F+ (430°C+) Treated water 20%+ $600+ Organic Rankine (ORC) 200 to 500°F (90 to 260°C) HCFCs or hydrocarbons 8 to 12% $2,500+ Ammonia (NH3)– Water 200 to 800°F (90 to 430°C) Ammonia-water mixture 8 to 15% $2,500+ Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle 400 to 1,200°F (200 to 650°C) Carbon dioxide 13 to 17% $2,000+ Working Fluid Attributes Requires treatment to reduce corrosion and mineral deposition Limited temperature range, flammability, thermally unstable at higher temperature Limited temperature range, corrosive, ammonia leaks Corrosive, non-toxic, non-flammable, thermally stable Note: This is a fast-changing field. The efficiency values are highly dependent on the source temperature. Cost could vary significantly with size, supplier and incentives from several sources. Emerging Waste Heat Recovery Technologies Several new developments are underway for improving performance of the existing systems or advancing the waste heat recovery technology. At this time, there are many technologies already in use and many suppliers of these technologies are making incremental progress towards improving current technologies for their current market or expanding the application areas. There are only a few truly new technologies being developed. In many cases, it is difficult to get detailed information on the technologies that are being developed or being advanced as this information is highly proprietary. The following section gives a brief overview of the technologies and their benefits. Information for the following technologies was obtained from the Gas Technology Institute (GTI). Advanced Heat Transfer Enhancement This technology is being developed to increase the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat exchangers used in low- to medium-temperature applications where radiation is very small, and convection heat transfer from gases controls the overall performance of a heat exchanger. The development offers increased heat transfer relative to the increased pressure drop, which affects energy use in blowers and compressors used with the heat recovery systems. In this system, a dimpled tube is substituted for traditionally used finned tubes. As shown in Exhibit A-21 below, the dimpled tube configuration increases heat transfer by 2 to 3 times that for the bare tube while increasing the pressure drop by 50% or so. The exact values of improvement depend on the size of the dimple. The equipment, like an economizer, offers several additional advantages, such as reduced cost, fewer chances of surface deposits that deteriorate the performance, lower maintenance, and lower cost of tube replacement. In general, the system cost is reduced by 20%–30%. Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 64PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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