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Exhibit A-25: Electrical Power Generation System that Uses Supercritical Carbon Dioxide – Echogen System The developer claims to achieve 13.6%–17.5% efficiency, which is defined based on the heat transferred and supplied to the system and electrical power generation. Following are the major advantages of this system: Since fluids lose distinct liquid and vapor phase above “critical pressure,” the waste heat exchanger temperature “pinch” limit for steam is eliminated. Thermal stability provides a key advantage over ORC refrigerant-based working fluids. Also, thermal breakdown of HCFC and HFC’s at ~500°F (260°C) eliminates the need for a bypass stack, which is required for conventional ORC systems. CO2 being non-flammable, it permits direct heat transfer from gases to the working fluid. The working fluids used in ORC systems are hydrocarbon-based fluids and they are extremely flammable. Safety considerations, in this case, require external heat transfer fluid loop for stack applications. Elimination of intermediate heat exchangers reduces cost and the overall size of the unit or the footprint. Performance of the technology has been tested on a 5 kW laboratory-scale system that has been built and demonstrated. Following this, a 15 kW pilot-scale system was built and tested as a pilot unit at the laboratory facilities. The company has collaborated with a utility company in building and testing a 250 kW demonstration system which is currently under construction. This unit became operational during the year 2010. An artist’s view of the skid-mounted, 250 kW unit with overall dimensions is shown in Exhibit A-26. Industrial Waste Heat Recovery Page 69PDF Image | Industrial Waste Heat Recovery: Potential
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