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energies Article Decision Support System of Innovative High-Temperature Latent Heat Storage for Waste Heat Recovery in the Energy-Intensive Industry Patricia Royo 1,2,* , Luis Acevedo 1,2, Álvaro J. Arnal 1,* , Maryori Diaz-Ramírez 1,2 , Tatiana García-Armingol 1,2, Victor J. Ferreira 1,2, Germán Ferreira 2 and Ana M. López-Sabirón 1,2 Citation: Royo,P.;Acevedo,L.; Arnal, Á.J.; Diaz-Ramírez, M.; García-Armingol, T.; Ferreira, V.J.; Ferreira, G.; López-Sabirón, A.M. Decision Support System of Innovative High-Temperature Latent Heat Storage for Waste Heat Recovery in the Energy-Intensive Industry. Energies 2021, 14, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020365 Received: 11 December 2020 Accepted: 8 January 2021 Published: 11 January 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- ms in published maps and institutio- nal affiliations. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and con- ditions of the Creative Commons At- tribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1 2 * Correspondence: proyo@fcirce.es (P.R.); ajarnal@fcirce.es (Á.J.A.) Abstract: Reductions in energy consumption, carbon footprint, equipment size, and cost are key objectives for the forthcoming energy-intensive industries roadmaps. In this sense, solutions such as waste heat recovery, which can be replicated into different sectors (e.g., ceramics, concrete, glass, steel, aluminium, pulp, and paper) are highly promoted. In this line, latent heat thermal energy storage (TES) contributes as an innovative technology solution to improve the overall system efficiency by recovering and storing industrial waste heat. To this end, phase-change material (PCM) selection is assisted through a decision-support system (DSS). A simplified tool based on the MATLAB® model, based on correlations among the most relevant system parameters, was developed to prove the feasibility of a cross-sectorial approach. The research work conducted a parametric analysis to assess the techno-economic performance of the PCM-TES solution under different working conditions and sectors. Additionally, a multicriteria assessment was performed comparing the tool outputs from metal alloys and inorganic hydrated PCM salts. Overall, the inorganic PCMs presented higher net economic and energy savings (up to 25,000 €/yr; 480 MWh/yr), while metal alloys involved promising results, shorter cycles, and competitive economic ratios; its commercial development is still limited. Keywords: decision support system; thermal energy storage; waste heat recovery; phase change materials; energy-intensive industry; system integration; multicriteria analysis 1. Introduction Improving efficiency as an overall concept plays a crucial role in the development of sustainable energy policies regarding industrial sectors and climate change mitigation actions [1]. Specifically, the objectives of the Energy Union (EU) [2] are meant to achieve an integrated energy market with increasing energy interconnection boosting competition and efficient use of resources. Among these actions, the SET-Plan has confirmed its role as the key EU energy research and innovation initiative aim to achieve the European transition to climate neutrality by 2050. In order to achieve the objectives mentioned above, a series of policies and measures grouped into five dimensions are proposed: decarbonisation, energy efficiency, energy security, innovation and competitiveness, and internal energy market and research [3]. Energy-intensive industries (EII) account for 80% of the total industrial energy con- sumption, becoming a major focus for energy and environmental efficiency strategies [4]. Among the specific measures for the waste energy in the industrial sector, the priority measures contemplated are the recovery of residual energy (both heat and cold) and the Fundacion CIRCE—(Research Centre for Energy Resources and Consumption), Avenida Ranillas, Edificio Dinamiza 3D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; lacevedo@fcirce.es (L.A.); mdiaz@fcirce.es (M.D.-R.); tgarcia@fcirce.es (T.G.-A.); vjferreira@fcirce.es (V.J.F.); amlopez@fcirce.es (A.M.L.-S.) Instituto Universitario de Investigación Mixto CIRCE—(Fundacion CIRCE—Universidad de Zaragoza), Parque Empresarial Dinamiza, Avenida Ranillas 3D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; germanf@unizar.es Energies 2021, 14, 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020365 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesPDF Image | Latent Heat Storage for Waste Heat Recovery in the Energy Industry
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