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Energies 2021, 14, 365 11 of 13 from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. The inorganic hydrated salts presented the highest net economic savings (22,000–25,000 €/yr) and energy savings (435–480 MWh/yr). The energy and the economic savings calculated provided a first approach estimation. Since the industrial furnaces present a variety of conditions and types among the different EII sectors, a more detailed studied should be performed to quantify the exact savings, considering the NG combustion efficiency, the exact fuel composition, and the excess of air introduced. Additionally, a total GHG reduction of up to 2320 tCO2 eq. was reported during its lifespan due to the NG saving. The use of metals as PCM involves higher impacts in the climate change indicator compared to molten salts. However, the overall PCM-TES system volume required for heat transfer would be more compact due to the high thermal conductivity. From the economic perspective, the aluminium-based PCM-TES achieved a very profitable ratio due to its storage capacity and fast charging and discharging, even though the metal PCMs are generally over ten times more expensive than hydrated salts. Regarding a preliminary assessment of the investment costs and the energy savings that PCM-TES equipment could provide, the payback time could be recovered between 7 to 12 years for the materials selected and under the working conditions reported in the study case. These values could serve as a guideline and pre-feasibility assessment of the technology, while a further engineering and costs viability study should be performed in the further manufacturing and implementation of the solution. The results obtained are a starting point for consolidating and promoting novel techno- logical solutions and materials towards a more sustainable and efficient industry. To ensure design robustness and wider replicability, future work should analyse PCM-TES integrated system operation parameters under different working conditions (typically process tem- peratures, flows, time mismatch, volumes). This work would allow enhancing the tool response to obtain more accurate and reliable results for more industries and production conditions, thus increasing its replicability in other EII sectors. In addition, a more ex- haustive economic analysis including a sensitivity analysis of fuel prices, interest rates for NPV calculation, and lifespan of the equipment would provide a detailed perspective on the PCM-TES systems profitability. Finally, the refinement of the costs data with the manufacturers might provide valuable insight into this topic. To further understand the real application of TES storages in industrial environments, a PCM might be subject to a fast transition between heating and cooling curves when charge or discharge processes are suddenly interrupted. Then, the PCM would follow an enthalpy curve between the heating and the cooling curves for the interrupted heating process, while this effect is not relevant during an interrupted solidification (discharge) stage [32]. Hence, the modelling accuracy could be increased for the different heating/cooling rates of the PCMs based on DSC curve characterisation while simulating phase change material applications. Author Contributions: Conceptualisation, P.R., L.A., T.G.-A., A.M.L.-S. and G.F.; methodology P.R., L.A., V.J.F., A.M.L.-S. and G.F.; investigation, P.R., L.A., Á.J.A., M.D.-R.; software P.R., L.A., Á.J.A.; data analysis, P.R., A.M.L.-S., Á.J.A., M.D.-R.; writing—original draft preparation, P.R., A.M.L.-S.; validation and writing—review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the European Union H2020 Programmes (H2020-SPIRE-2016) under grant agreement (GA) no 723803-VULKANO project and (CE-SPIRE-05-2018) under GA no 869939-RETROFEED. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: Restrictions apply to the availability of these data. Data was obtained from PCM Products Ltd. and are available [from www.pcmproducts.net/Phase_Change_Material_ Products.htm] with the permission of PCM Products Ltd.PDF Image | Latent Heat Storage for Waste Heat Recovery in the Energy Industry
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