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Resources 2014, 3 154 WEEE or e-waste is divided into ten categories based on the European WEEE Directives 2002/96/EC and 2012/19/EU [2,3] and is given in Table 1. The scope of each category is detailed elsewhere [2,3]. E-waste is a complex mixture composed of ferrous, nonferrous, plastic and ceramic materials. According to the Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME), material consumption in electric and electronic equipment is summarized in Table 2 [5]. Table 1. Waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)/electronic waste (e-waste) categories according to the European directive on WEEE [2,3]. Reprinted with permission from [2,3], 2002 and 2012. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Category Large household appliances Small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment Consumer equipment Lighting equipment Electrical and electronic tools (with the exceptions of large-scale stationary industrial tools) Toys, leisure and sport equipment Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products) Monitoring and control instruments Automatic dispensers Label Large HH Small HH ICT CE Lighting E & E tools Toys Medical equipment M & C Dispensers Table 2. Main materials found in electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) [5]. Reprinted with permission from [5], 2004. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Material Percentage Ferrous 38 Non-ferrous 28 Plastics 19 Glass 4 Wood 1 Other 10 Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are found in electrical and electronics appliances (televisions, computers, mobile phones and laptops). Generally, PCBs are composed of 40% metals, 30% plastics and 30% ceramics [6]. PCBs are coated with base metals (BMs) (tin, silver or copper) to make them conductive. There are two types of PCBs (FR-4 and FR-2), which are used in mobile phones and personal computers. FR-4 types PCBs are made of a multilayer of fiberglass coated with copper and FR-2 types are made of a single layer of fiber glass or cellulose paper or phenolic material that is also coated with a copper layer. PCBs of FR-4 types are used for small electronic equipment (mobile phones) and FR-2 is used for larger appliances (computers and television). Polymers and industrial plastics are other major constituents of PCBs that contain polyethylene, polypropylene, epoxies and polyesters. Sampling is difficult for e-waste composition analysis due to the inhomogeneous and composite nature of the materials. Large numbers and various kinds of small of components are attached to PCBs.PDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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