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Resources 2014, 3 156 Generally, metals in e-waste can be grouped into PMs, platinum group metals (PGMs), BMs, metals of concern (MCs), and scarce elements (SEs), such as the following [20]: PMs: PGMs: BMs: MCs (Hazardous): SEs: Au, Ag; Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir and Ru; Cu, Al, Ni, Sn, Zn and Fe; Hg, Be, In, Pb, Cd, As and Sb; Te, Ga, Se, Ta and Ge. 1.2. General Driving Force for E-Waste Processing There are three general reasons for e-waste processing: environmental concerns, energy savings and resource efficiency. These are explained in more detail in the following subsections. 1.2.1. Environmental Concerns E-waste is composed of a large number of components of various sizes, shapes and chemistry. Some of them contain hazardous metals including Hg, Pb and Cd. Such components are removed through separate treatment and recycling processes. In the European directives (2002/96/EC and 2012/19/EU) [2,3], e-waste is classified as hazardous material. Major hazardous components in e-waste are summarized in Table 4. Table 4. Major hazardous components and materials in WEEE [2,3,21]. Reproduced with permission from [2,3], 2002 and 2012. No. Materials and Components 1 Batteries 2 Cathode ray tubes (CTRs) Mercury containing components such as switches Description Heavy metals such as lead, mercury and cadmium are present in batteries Lead in the cone glass and fluorescent coating cover the inside of panel glass Mercury is used in thermostats, sensors, relays and switches (e.g., on PCBs and in measuring equipment and discharge lamps). It is also used in medical equipment, data transmission, telecommunication, and mobile phones Asbestos waste has to be treated selectively Toner and toner cartridges have to be removed from any separately collected WEEE In PCBs, cadmium occurs in certain components, such as SMD chip resistors, infrared detectors and semiconductors PCB-containing capacitors have to be removed for safe destruction LCDs of a surface greater than 100 cm2 have to be removed from WEEE During incineration/combustion of the plastics, halogenated flame retardants can produce toxic components CFCs present in foam and refrigerating circuit must be properly extracted and destroyed. HCFCs or CFCs present in foam and refrigerating circuit must be properly extracted and destroyed or recycled Mercury has to be removed 3 4 Asbestos waste Toner cartridges, liquid and pasty, as well as color toner 6 PCBs 7 Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) containing capacitors 8 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 5 9 Plastics containing halogenated flame retardants Equipment containing 10 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 11 Gas discharge lampsPDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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