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Resources 2014, 3 157 Traditionally, most of the e-waste ends up as landfill. According to the U.S Environmental Protection Agency report on e-waste management 2008 [22], 19% of e-waste is combusted and 81% is disposed in landfills. The disposal of e-waste underground has multiple disadvantages including the contamination of underground water and soil, and wasting a potential source of valuable metals. In the last decade many countries have formulated legislations on e-waste management [2–4]. Several investigators reported on the individual countries and global legislations on managing and handling of e-waste [1,23–29]. It is no longer permissible to dispose e-waste underground or burn it in incinerators without isolating the hazardous materials. Moreover, exporting e-waste to underdeveloped countries is not permissible according to the international regulations [4]. Disposing underground, burning in air and acid leaching will deteriorate the environment by spoiling drinking water and releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere [7,15,27]. Therefore, recycling of e-waste is crucial from the perspective of minimizing environmental pollution and resource management. 1.2.2. Energy and Resource Conservation Recycling of e-waste for metal recovery is also important from the perspective of saving energy. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency [22] has identified seven main benefits for using recycled Fe and steel over their virgin materials. One of the major benefits is a significant energy saving using recycled materials compared to virgin materials. The energy savings for a number of common metals and materials are summarized in Table 5. Table 5. Recycled materials energy savings over virgin materials [21,30]. Reproduced with permission from [21,30], 2003. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Materials Aluminum Copper Iron and steel Lead Zinc Paper Plastics Energy savings (%) 95 85 74 65 60 64 >80 Moreover, processing of e-waste will reduce burden on mining ores for primary metals. Therefore, scarce resources especially for PMs could be conserved, e.g., metals that exist at low concentrations in primary ores and consume significant energy during extraction. Factually, e-waste is a rich source of PMs compared to their primary ores. The amount of gold recovered from one ton of e-waste from personal computers is more than that recovered from 17 ton of gold ore. The processes for recovering PMs from electronic scrap, in limited cases are easier than their primary ores [31]. If PMs and SEs are unrecovered, it will be a significant loss of precious resource. 1.2.3. Economic Value of Selected PMs The recovery of precious and base metals is important for e-waste management, recycling, sustainability and resource conservation. The value distribution of PMs in PCBs and calculators isPDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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