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Resources 2014, 3 158 more than 80%. After PMs, copper is the next highest value metal to be extracted from e-waste [20]. It is worth noting that sustainable resource management demands the isolation of hazardous metals from e-waste and also maximizes the recovery of PMs. The loss of PMs during the recycling chain will adversely affect the process economy. The extraction of PMs (Au, Ag and Pd) and BMs (Cu, Pb and Zn) from e-waste is a major economic drive due to their associated value, as summarized in Table 6. Table 6. Weight vs. value distribution [20]. PMs: precious metals. Reproduced with permission from [20], 2006. Weights% TV-board PCBs Mobile phone Portable audio Fe (wt%) 28% 7% 5% 23% Al (wt%) 10% 5% 1% 1% 2% 5% Al 11% 1% 0% 1% 4% 5% Cu (wt%) 10% 20% 13% 21% 5% 3% Cu 42% 14% 7% 77% 36% 11% Plastics (wt%) 28% 23% 56% 47% 24% 61% 85% 93% 19% 47% 84% Ag (ppm) 280 1000 1380 150 115 260 Ag 8% 5% 5% 4% 5% 7% Au (ppm) 20 250 350 Pd (ppm) 10 110 210 DVD-player 62% 10 4 15 4 50 5 Au Pd 27% 8% 65% 15% 67% 21% 13% 2% 37% 5% 73% 4% Calculator Value-share TV-board PCBs Mobile phone Portable audio 4% Fe 4% 0% 0% 3% Sum PMs 43% DVD-player 13% Calculator 0% 2. E-Waste Processing E-waste recycling consists of three main steps: collection, preprocessing and end processing [32]. Each step is critical for the recovery of metals and recycling economy. E-waste collection is facilitated by appropriate government policies, effective advertisement for public awareness, and by installing separate collection facilities at public places. End of life electronic components are sorted at the collection facility where useable components are returned to the consumer supply chain. Preprocessing of e-waste is one of the most important steps in the recycling chain. A basic flow sheet diagram of preprocessing is shown in Figure 1. The expired equipments are manually dismantled at collection facilities and individual components are tested and isolated from e-waste. During the early stage, housing, wiring boards and drives, and other components are liberated. Mechanical processing is an integrated part of this stage where e-waste scrap is shredded into pieces using hammer mills [32]. Metals and non-metals are separated during this stage using techniques similar to that used in the mineral dressing, e.g., screening, magnetic, eddy current and density separation techniques. The final stage in the recycling chain of e-waste is the end processing, where the non-metal and metal fractions of e-waste are further processed. There have been a number of studies on the recycling and utilization of the non-metals fractions from e-waste, for example from wasted PCBs that contain >70% of non-metallic fractions [15,33–35]. In general, the non-metallic fractions of PCBs are mainly composed of thermoset resins and glass fibers. Thermoset resins cannot be re-melted due to their chain structure.PDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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