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Resources 2014, 3 159 Guo et al. [33] produced a non-metallic composite plate using pulverized PCBs combined with other components including CaCO3, unsaturated polyesters, polystyrene, TBPB, glass fiber, zinc stearate and pigments. Yin et al. [34] produced a composite plate using a mixture of pulverized wasted PCBs non-metallic fraction and polypropylene S700 as resin, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as modifier. Both studies showed that composite plates from recycled non-metal fractions of PCBs possessed comparable mechanical properties to virgin plastics. Figure 1. The pre-processing of e-waste to separate metal and non-metal fractions. Other recycling routes for non-metallic PCB materials are based on chemical processes that include gasification, pyrolysis, supercritical fluid de-polymerization and hydrogenolytic degradation for producing chemical substances and fuels. For example, the non-metallic fractions can be used in pyrometallurgical processes as fuels and reducing agent. Overall, the identified techniques for recycling of non-metallic materials from wasted PCBs are promising and can be used for the sustainable management of plastics resources from e-waste [15]. The metallic fraction of e-waste can be further processed to separate or extract minor metals/elements using various metallurgical processes. The following sections will explain in more detail the metallurgical processes to extract metals from e-waste. 2.1. Metallurgical Processes for the Extraction of Metals from E-Waste The metal fractions separated from e-waste during preprocessing can be further processed using hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, electrometallurgical, biometallurgical processes, and theirPDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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