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Resources 2014, 3 164 Figure 3. Simplified flow sheet of black copper smelter process (secondary copper smelting) [59]. Reprinted with permission from [59], 2013. 2.1.2.3. Limitations of Pyrometallurgical Processes Pyrometallurgical routes are generally more economical, eco-efficient and maximize the recovery of PMs, however, they have certain limitations that are summarized here [20,47]: Recovery of plastics is not possible because plastics replace coke as a source of energy; Iron and aluminum recovery is not easy as they end up in the slag phase as oxides; Hazardous emissions such as dioxins are generated during smelting of feed materials containing halogenated flame retardants. Therefore special installations are required to minimize environmental pollution; A large investment is required for installing integrated e-waste recycling plants that maximize the recovery of valuable metals and also protect the environment by controlling hazardous gas emissions; Instant burning of fine dust of organic materials (e.g., non-metallic fractions of e-waste) can occur before reaching the metal bath. In such cases, agglomeration may be required to effectively harness the energy content and also to minimize the health risk posed by fine dust particles; Ceramic components in feed material can increase the volume of slag generated in the blast furnaces, which thereby increases the risk of losing PMs from BMs; Partial recovery and purity of PMs are achieved by pyrometallurgical routes. Therefore, subsequent hydrometallurgical and electrochemical techniques are necessary to extract pure metals from BMs; Handling the process of smelting and refining is challenging due to complex feed materials. The expertise in process handling and the thermodynamics of possible reactions will be difficult. 3. Industrial Processes for the Recovery of Metals from E-Waste Industrial processes for recovering metals from e-waste are based on combined pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and electrometallurgical routes. In pyrometallurgical processes, e-waste is blendedPDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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