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Resources 2014, 3 169 overall recovery of PMs. In a case study at TU-Delft University, Huisman and Stevels [65] reported that the direct smelting route for mobile phones is a more eco-efficient solution compared to the indirect smelting of disintegrated mobile phone components. However, batteries should be separated before smelting in the furnace [60]. Mostly, the integrated e-waste recycling plants directly use PCBs in the smelting furnaces, which have many advantages such as: It maximizes the overall segregation of PMs in the copper fraction, and, therefore, the final recovery will be higher; It partially replaces coke with plastics as a source of energy during the smelting process; It provides a source for recycling of e-waste; Moreover, it is efficient in terms of resource management by closing the loop of metals. Pyrometallurgical routes are beneficial to segregate and upgrade valuable metals in the BMs from e-waste that are further treated by hydrometallurgical routes to recover metals. Industrially, IsaSmelt, Kaldo, rotary and plasma arc furnaces are used for collecting valuable metals in the BMs. A short of summary of selected industrial process is given in Table 8. Table 8. Summary of selected pyrometallurgical methods for recovery of metals from e-waste. TSL: top submerged lanced; PGMs: platinum group metals; and BM: base metal. Industrial processes Umicore’s process [20,60,61] Outotec TSL [66] Rönnskär smelters [63,67] Noranda process [64] Rönnskär smelters tests [63,68] Umicore’s trials [69] Dowa mining Kosaka Japan [70] LS-Nikko’s recycling facility, Korea [71] Day’s patent [72] Aleksandrovich patent [73] Aurubis recycling Germany [74] Metals recovered Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Se, Ir, Ru, Rh, Cu, Ni, Pb, In, Bi, Sn, As, Sb Zn, Cu, Au, Ag, In, Pb, Cd, Ge Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Ni, Se, Zn, Pb Cu, Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Se, Te, Ni Cu and PMs Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, Se, Ir, Ru, Rh, Cu, Ni, Pb, In, Bi, Sn, As, Sb Cu, Au, Ag Au, Ag & PGMs metals PMs, Pt and Pd PGMs and gold Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn and PMs Main process features Isasmelt smelting, copper leaching & electrowinning and PMs refinery Ausmelt TSL furnace (trials in Melbourne, Australia), smelting of e-waste in copper/lead/zinc processes Smelting in Kaldo reactor, upgrading in copper and followed by refining, high PMs recovery Smelting of e-waste and Cu concentrate. Upgrading in converter and anode furnaces. Electrorefining for metal recovery PC scrap feeding to Zn fuming process, Plastics is used as reducing agent, PMs are segregated in Cu and are recovered at later stage Plastics from e-waste is tested at energy and reducing agent during smelting E-waste TSL smelting in secondary copper process Recycling in TSL smelting followed by electrolytic refining Smelting in plasma arc furnace at 1400 °C. PMs collected in BM. Ceramic residue went in the slag phase. Ag and Cu used to collect metals during process Scrap combustion in a BM using carbon as reducing agent, Solidification and separation of solidified product are carried out by formed phase boundaries Smelting of Cu and e-waste in TSL reactor, black copper processing and finally electrorefiningPDF Image | Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste
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