PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 006
barrier for charge accumulation [18]. In this nanogenerator, when compressive force is applied, a piezopotential field is generated along the nanowires. As a result of electrostatic force, inductive charges accumulate on the top and bottom of the electrodes. This is similar to capacitive configuration in which the strained nanowires can be compared with polarized dipole moments in a plate capacitor filled by a dielectric material. Once the applied stress is released, the piezopotential disappears and Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 6 of 35 the electrons flows back through the external circuit [18,19]. AC output is observed in the cases of capacitive configuration and when the Schottky diode is a series resistance in the piezoelectric nanogenerators. electrons flows back through the external circuit [18,19]. AC output is observed in the cases of capacitive To effectively enhance the output power of the PENG, several nanowires are stacked together configuration and when the Schottky diode is a series resistance in the piezoelectric nanogenerators. to effectively synchronize the voltage output of each nanowire. Two effective integrations of To effectively enhance the output power of the PENG, several nanowires are stacked together to nanowires were developed by Wang et al. [11,16]; one is vertical-nanowire-integrated nanogenerator effectively synchronize the voltage output of each nanowire. Two effective integrations of nanowires in which the vertically grown nanowires are stacked together (Figure 5a). The working mechanism were developed by Wang et al. [11,16]; one is vertical-nanowire-integrated nanogenerator in which the of vertically integrated PENGs includes lateral bending and vertical compression of nanowires as vertically grown nanowires are stacked together (Figure 5a). The working mechanism of vertically explained earlier. The other one is the lateral-nanowire-integrated nanogenerator, in which the integrated PENGs includes lateral bending and vertical compression of nanowires as explained parallelly grown nanowires are stacked together in the nanogenerator (Figure 5b). In laterally earlier. The other one is the lateral-nanowire-integrated nanogenerator, in which the parallelly grown integrated nanogenerators, the deformation of nanowires is always caused by lateral bending either nanowires are stacked together in the nanogenerator (Figure 5b). In laterally integrated nanogenerators, by bending the substrate or by applying pressure on the radial direction of the nanowires [20]. The the deformation of nanowires is always caused by lateral bending either by bending the substrate uniform lateral bending of nanowires can be regarded as the lateral stretching by neglecting the strain or by applying pressure on the radial direction of the nanowires [20]. The uniform lateral bending distribution in the radial direction due to the ultra-high aspect ratio of the 1D nanostructures. In a of nanowires can be regarded as the lateral stretching by neglecting the strain distribution in the study, the energy conversion efficiency of both laterally stretched nanowire and vertically radial direction due to the ultra-high aspect ratio of the 1D nanostructures. In a study, the energy compressed nanowire were compared, and the results showed that the laterally bent nanowire could conversion efficiency of both laterally stretched nanowire and vertically compressed nanowire were generate higher voltage than the compressed one. compared, and the results showed that the laterally bent nanowire could generate higher voltage than the compressed one. (a) (b) Figure 5. Geometrical configuration of piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). (a) Basic structure of Figure 5. Geometrical configuration of piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG). (a) Basic structure of vertically integrated nanogenerator. (b) The basic structure of laterally integrated nanogenerator. vertically integrated nanogenerator. (b) The basic structure of laterally integrated nanogenerator. 3.1. Progress and Output Power Optimization in PENGs 3.1. Progress and Output Power Optimization in PENGs The first was developed in the year 2006 based on ZnO nanowires [8,10,11,14]. The aligned The first was developed in the year 2006 based on ZnO nanowires [8,10,11,14]. The aligned nanowires were deflected by a conductive atomic microscope with platinum-coated silicon tip in nanowires were deflected by a conductive atomic microscope with platinum-coated silicon tip in contact mode. The energy output by one ZnO nanowire (NW) in one discharge event is 0.05 fJ, and contact mode. The energy output by one ZnO nanowire (NW) in one discharge event is 0.05 fJ2, and the output voltage and power were ~8 mV and ~0.5 pW. For a nanowire density of 20/μm , the the output voltage and power were ~28 mV and ~0.5 pW. For a nanowire density of 20/μ m2, the output outputpowerdensityis~10pW/μm [8].TheSchottkybarrierformedbetweenthemicroscopemetal power density is ~10 pW/μ m2 [8]. The Schottky barrier formed between the microscope metal tip and tip and the nanowires generates power with the power conversion efficiency of 17–30% [8,11,21,22]. the nanowires generates power with the power conversion efficiency of 17–30% [8,11,21,22]. Gao and Gao and Wang (2007) calculated the piezoelectric potential distribution of a nanowire of 50 nm diameter Wang (2007) calculated the piezoelectric potential distribution of a nanowire of 50 nm diameter and and 600 nm length as 0.3 V(appx) using perturbation theory [14,15]. The calculation showed that the piezoelectric potential on the surface of the nanowire is directly proportional to the lateral displacement of the nanowire and inversely proportional to the length-to-diameter aspect ratio of the nanowire [15]. In 2007, Wang et al. [23] developed a vertically aligned ZnO nanogenerator driven by an ultrasonic wave of frequency 41 kHz, which generated a unidirectional current of 0.15 nA with an open circuit voltage of 0.7 mV and output power volume density of 1–4 W/cm3. This voltage is found to be less when compared to the one with an atomic microscope probe as the nanowires are less deflected by thePDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
PDF Search Title:
Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power SourceOriginal File Name Searched:
nanomaterials-09-00773-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |