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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 Nanomaterials 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 35 12 of 35 4. Nanogenerators Based on the Triboelectric Effect 4. Nanogenerators Based on the Triboelectric Effect Nanomaterials 2019, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 35 Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) work on the combined mechanism of triboelectrification Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) work on the combined mechanism of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. This device was invented accidentally when Zhong and his team fabnrdiceatledctaropsietaztoiecleinctdriuccntainoong.eTnheriastodrewvictheawlaitstleingvaepnttheadtsahcocwideednatahlilgyhwouhtepnutZvhooltnagea;nladterh,iistteamfabricated 4. Nanogenerators Based on the Triboelectric Effect Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) work on the combined mechanism of triboelectrification was found that the high output was due the triboelectric effect [84]. Triboelectrification refers to a piezoelectric nanogenerator with a little gap that showed a high output voltage; later, it was found and electrostatic induction. This device was invented accidentally when Zhong and his team charge generation on the surface of two dissimilar materials when they are brought into contact. that the high output was due the triboelectric effect [84]. Triboelectrification refers to charge generation fabricated a piezoelectric nanogenerator with a little gap that showed a high output voltage; later, it Electrostatic induction is an electricity-generating phenomenon in which electrons flow from one on the surface of two dissimilar materials when they are brought into contact. Electrostatic induction is was found that the high output was due the triboelectric effect [84]. Triboelectrification refers to electrode to another electrode through an external load to equalize their difference in potential [85– cahnaregleecgterniecriatyti-ogneonnertahteinsgurpfahcenoofmtweonodnissiinmwilahrimchatelreiacltsrownhsenflothweyfraormeboronuegehlteicnttrodcoentoacat.notherelectrode 90]. In TENGs, as the two dissimilar dielectric materials have a different surface, electron affinities Electrostatic induction is an electricity-generating phenomenon in which electrons flow from one atrherboruougghhtaintoexcotenrtnacatlanlodatdhettoimeeq-vuaarlyiizneg trhibeoireledcitffriecrcehnarcgeesinarepfootremnetdiaoln[8th5e–ir90su].rfaIcnes,TaEnNd Gs, as the two electrode to another electrode through an external load to equalize their difference in potential [85– wdhisesnimtheilyarardeiseelpeacrtartiecdm, anterleiactlrsichpaovtenatidaliffisefroernmtesdubreftawcee,neltehcetmro.nThaeffimneicthieasniasmreberhoiundghthteintocontactand 90]. In TENGs, as the two dissimilar dielectric materials have a different surface, electron affinities formation of charges on the surface of the triboelectric material was not defined clearly and remain the time-varying triboelectric charges are formed on their surfaces, and when they are separated, are brought into contact and the time-varying triboelectric charges are formed on their surfaces, and highly debated [89,91]. A fundamental physical model was formed only in the year 2017, in which an electric potential is formed between them. The mechanism behind the formation of charges on when they are separated, an electric potential is formed between them. The mechanism behind the the triboelectrification mechanism that has been known for thousands of years was traced back to the surface of the triboelectric material was not defined clearly and remain highly debated [89,91]. formation of charges on the surface of the triboelectric material was not defined clearly and remain Maxwell’s Displacement current. The materials that show the triboelectrification phenomenon are hAighfulyndeabmatedn[t8a9l,9p1h].yAsifcuanldmamoednetallwphayssfiocarlmeodeolnwlaysifnortmhedyoenalyri2n0t1h7e,yinearw2h01ic7h,inthwehtircihboelectrification usually insulators and have the ability to retain the transferred charges for a long period of time, and the triboelectrification mechanism that has been known for thousands of years was traced back to bmeceacuhseanoifsmthitshantathuarse,bteheenreknaroewmnafnoyrtnheogautsivaendesffeocftsyecaursewdaisntrinadceudstrbialckmtaonuMfaacxtuwrienlgl,’sDisplacement Maxwell’s Displacement current. The materials that show the triboelectrification phenomenon are transportation, aviation, etc. Back in the late 18th century, the first triboelectric-based generator current. The materials that show the triboelectrification phenomenon are usually insulators and have usually insulators and have the ability to retain the transferred charges for a long period of time, and named the Wimshurst machine (~1880) was built. Later in 1929, the Van de Graff Generator was the ability to retain the transferred charges for a long period of time, and because of this nature, there because of this nature, there are many negative effects caused in industrial manufacturing, invented, which is used for generating high voltage [89]. Later, the triboelectric-based nanogenerator are many negative effects caused in industrial manufacturing, transportation, aviation, etc. Back in transportation, aviation, etc. Back in the late 18th century, the first triboelectric-based generator was first invented in the year 2012, which harvests ambient mechanical/vibration energy [89,92–94]. ntahmeeldatehe18Wthimcsehnurtsutrmy,atcheinfie r(s~t18t8r0ib) owealsecbturilct.-bLasterdinge19n2e9r,atthoerVnaanmdedGtrhafef WGeinmersahtourrwstams achine (~1880) There are four unique elemental modes of operation of TENGs so far, including (i) vertical-contact invented, which is used for generating high voltage [89]. Later, the triboelectric-based nanogenerator was built. Later in 1929, the Van de Graff Generator was invented, which is used for generating high separation mode, (ii) in-plane sliding mode, (iii) single electrode mode, and iv) freestanding was first invented in the year 2012, which harvests ambient mechanical/vibration energy [89,92–94]. tvrioboltealegcetr[ic89la]y.eLr.aTtheer,ctohmeptarribsoneolefcthtreiwc-obraksinegdpnriannciopgleonfearlal thoermwoadsesfiorfsotpienrvateinonteisdcionmtphaereydear 2012, which There are four unique elemental modes of operation of TENGs so far, including (i) vertical-contact in Table 3. The triboelectric materials, based on their ability to gain electrons and lose electrons, were harvests ambient mechanical/vibration energy [89,92–94]. There are four unique elemental modes of separation mode, (ii) in-plane sliding mode, (iii) single electrode mode, and iv) freestanding arranged in a series called triboelectric series, published by John Carl Wilcke in 1757 [95] (see Table operation of TENGs so far, including (i) vertical-contact separation mode, (ii) in-plane sliding mode, triboelectric layer. The comparison of the working principle of all the modes of operation is compared 4). Traditionally, materials like silk, wool, nylon, and polymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), (iii) single electrode mode, and iv) freestanding triboelectric layer. The comparison of the working in Table 3. The triboelectric materials, based on their ability to gain electrons and lose electrons, were PVDF, and PDMS were used as a triboelectric friction layer, but the choice of materials for the aprraingceidplien oafsearliletshcealmledotdriebsoeolfecotrpicersaertieosn, piusbcloismhepdabryedJohin CTarbllWe 3il.ckTehine 1tr7i5b7o[e95le]c(stereicTmabaleterials, based on electrode is unlimited [95–97]. 4). Traditionally, materials like silk, wool, nylon, and polymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), their ability to gain electrons and lose electrons, were arranged in a series called triboelectric series, PVDF, and PDMS were used as a triboelectric friction layer, but the choice of materials for the Table 3. Comparison of the working principle of various modes of operation of TENG. published by John Carl Wilcke in 1757 [95] (see Table 4). Traditionally, materials like silk, wool, nylon, electrode is unlimited [95–97]. and polyMmoedres olifkOepepraotliyontetrafluoroethylene (MPeTchFaEn)i,smPVDF, and PDMASppwliecarteiounsed as a triboelectric The first invented operation mode friction layer, but the choice of materials for the electrode is unlimited [95–97]. Table 3. Comparison of the working principle of various modes of operation of TENG. in TENGs. The external force is Modes of Operation applied vertMicaelclhyaonnistmhe Application 1. Vertical-contact separation mode Table 3. Comparison of the working principle of various modes of operation of TENG. Ttrhibeofeirlestctirnivcemnatetderoiaplse.raTthioenchmaorgdes Modes of Operation ianreTfEoNrmGesd. Tohnetehxetesrunrafalcfeorocfetihse To harvest mechanical energy from human motions, the vibration 1. Vertical-contact separation mode ampaptleireidalvs,eartnicdaallsytohneythaere tsreipboarealetecdtribcymaadteisrtialnsc.eT,haencehleacrtgreics 2. In-plane sliding mode mThaetetrwiaolst.rTibhoelrectirpircoscuarlfmacoetsioslnidoef Application force is applied vertically on the triboelectric materials. To harvest mechanical Thmbeatctwheraeireagnlests,haenredtwfaosrmethlecdytroaonrdetehse surface ofeftlnhoewrmginyagtferwroimaltseh,ra,unemtdca.n energy from human asaethtpaeacyrhaaetderedtsobeytphaerdatrtieisbtdaonbelcyeca,tardniicsetalenccteri,canemlecottriiocnpso,tehnetviailbrationmotions,thevibration dipmffoeatrteenrticiaellsi.dsTiefhsfetearrbeenlcicsiepherisodcebaseltatmwboleitseihnoentdhoef twofealemctraocdheinse, wind, of a machine, wind, flowing water, etc. Aapllaotetlearrnaiazltapintoigolancruiszrarientintortno. disuicnetdrobdeutwceedenbetwUeesnedthtoe gmeanteraiatelspowUesred to generate thTtahtepmutwsahtoetrhriaieblseoletehlceatcrttorpniucssfhurortmfhaectehsestloidpeelectfronmtorotthaetiboontatlomotiopno,werfromrotational 13 of 35 Mechanism 1. Vertical-contact separation mode The first invented operation mode in TENGs. The external aproetefonrtmialedioffnertehnecseuirsfaescteaobflitshed Tofoahmaravcehsitnme,ewchianndi,cal attached to the triboelectric materials. The reciprocal btheetwmeaetnertihaelstwcaonepleroctdruodces flowing water, etc. motion of the materials can produce alternating current. atltaecrnhaetdintgo tchuerrternibto. electric 2. In-plane sliding mode tihnethmealtaetreiraalsl dcairnecptriond.uAcelateral The two triboelectric surfaces slide in the lateral direction. Nanomater2ia.lsIn20-1p9l,a8n, xeFsOliRdiPnEgERmRoEdVeIEW 3.3S. Siningglele--Electrodemooddee electrode to balance the induced potential. The periodic motion, waves, ienletchterolnatsefrraolmditrheecttionp. eAleclatrteornalto waves, sliding and closing can generate alternating power. The pressing/touching, etc. altpethronelabtrioinztgtaoptimowneelires.ciTtnrhtoerdosedlidutoicnebgdaclbanentcweetehne Uprsesdsitnogg/teonuecrhaitnegp,oewtce.r sliding can be planar, cylindrical/disc rotation. beipnldanuacre,dcypliontdernictaial/ld.iTschreoptaetrioiond.ic the materials that push the from rotational motion, Used to harvest energy from esleidcitnrognasnfdrocmlosthinegtocpanelgeecntreornateto waves, arbitrarily freely moving objects, the bottom electrode to balance the pressing/touching, etc. Used to harvest energy from arbitrarily freely moving Used to harvest energy from mobile objects. Can harvest energy from turning book pages, raindrops, rotating tire, footsteps, etc. unlike in the other two operation Used to harvest energy induced potential. The periodic objects, unlike in the other two operation mode. It has a mode. It has a triboelectric surface from mobile objects. sliding and closing can generate triboelectric surface and only one electrode and is and only one electrode and is Can harvest energy grounded, as shown in the figure. The change of the grounded, as shown in the figure. from turning book distance between the two surfaces causes charge transfer The change of the distance between pages, raindrops, between the electrode and the ground, thus driving the two surfaces causes charge rotating tire, footsteps, electricity through an external load. transfer between the electrode and etc. the ground, thus driving electricity through an external load. Used to harvest energy from 4. Free-standing mode moving objects. A pair of identical electrodes are placed below the triboelectric layer with a gap distance. An asymmetric charge distribution is generated in the media as the triboelectric layer is brought in contact and separated Harvests energy from automobiles, humanPDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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