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based on an off–on–off contact switching during the mechanical triggering that largely reduces the als 9, 9 2 , 7 0 1 mode. It has a triboelectric surface from mobile objects. Usually, a nanogenerator generates high output voltage and low output power, so in order to duration of charging/discharging process, so the pulse of the instantaneous power output improves and only one electrode and is Can harvest energy improve the instantaneous power outpgurotunodfetdh, easTshEoNwnGi,nCthheefingugre.t al.fr(o2m01tu3r)nidngevboisoekd a nanogenerator without compromising the output voltage. The output current and voltage reaches as high as 0.53 A The change of the distance between pages, raindrops, based on an off–on–off contact switching during the mechanical triggering that largely reduces the 2 and 142 W at a load of 500 Ω [103]. The power current and power density reach as high as 1325 A/m the two surfaces causes charge rotating tire, footsteps, duration of charg5ing/di2scharging process, so the pulse of the instantaneous power output improves and3.6×10 W/m,respectively.transferbetweentheelectrodeand etc. wiNthaono m u t c o m a g the output voltage. The output current and voltage reaches as high as 0.5133Aof 35 73 te ri p r o m is i n As a solution for lower potwheegrroouundtp, tuhutsidnrivTinEgNelGecstr,ici3tyD integrated multilayered TENGs were through an external load. 2 and 142 W at a load of 500 Ω [103]. The power current and power density reach as high as 1325 A/m designed later in 2014 by Yang et al. In this type of TENG, the output of individual TENGs are Used to harvest energy from synchronized to achieve a maximized instantaneous power output [104]. This 3D TENG has a and 3.6 × 105 W/m2, respectively. moving obTjeacbtsl.eA3p.aCiroonfti.dentical As a solution for lower power output in TENGs, 3D integrated multilayered TENGs were multilayeredstructurewithacryleilcectsruodpepsoaretipnlagcesdubbelsotwratthes.PTFEnanowiresareusedastriboelectric designed laMteordeisnof2O01p4erabtiyonYang et al.trIinboetlhecistrictylapyer owfitMhTeaEcghNapnGis,mthe output of individualApTpEliNcaGtiosn are materials, and aluminum and copper are used as electrodes and contact surfaces. The synchronized distance. An asymmetric charge synchronizedtoachieveamaximizUesdeditnoshtarnvetsatneneeorugysfrpomowmeorvinoguotbpjeucts.[A10p4ai]r.oTfhis3DTENGhasa 3D TENG produces a short circuit current of 1.14 mA and an open-circuit voltage of 303 V with a 4. Free-standing mode 4. Free-standing mode distribution is generated in the identical electrodes are placed below the triboelectric layer multilayered structure with acryl−i2c supporting substrates. PTFE nanowires are used as triboelectric power density of 104.6 Wm , which is capable of lighting 20 spotlights (0.6 W each) and a white G wimtheadigaaapsdthisetatnricbeo. eAlenctarsicymlaymeertirsic charge distribution is Harvests energy fromHarvests energy from materials,andaluminumandcoppergeabnreoeruautgehsdteidntcahoesnmtealecedtcaiantradossdtehpeastraibtneodelectorinctlaycetrsisubrrfoaucgehst.Thesynchronized 16 globe light. automobiles, humanautomobiles, human infcronmtatchteaenldecsterpodareast.eDduferotmo tthies,electrodes. Due to this, 3D TENG produces a short circuit current of 1.14 mA and an open-circuit voltagewoalfki3ng0,3aiVr flowi,th a Lin et al. [105] studied the relationship between the motionwoalfkainsgi,naigrlfelow,ater drop on to the water the electrons will flow between the electrodes to equate the −2 the electrons will flow between the computer mouse power density of 104.6 Wm , which is capable of lighting 20 spotlicgohmtpsu(t0er.6mWouseach) and a white G TENGandproposedasequepnoteiantlialcdoinsttraibcutt-ioenle.cSitnrciefitchaetrieoisnnoacnodntacetlbeecttwreoesntatic-inductionprocessto electrodes to equate the potential operation, etc. operation, etc. the triboelectric layer and the electrodes, there are no 16 globe light. distribution. Since there is no understand the working mechanism of it. The TENG is made out of nanostructured PTFE thin film chances of wear and tear. High power conversion contact between the triboelectric Lin et al. [105] studied the relationship between the motion of a single water drop on to the water and PMMA as substrate layer ecffioaciteendcywcoimthpaCredutoeloethcetromdoed.esTohf oepTerEatNionG. is based on a single electrode layer and the electrodes, there are TENG and proposed a sequential contact-electrification and electrostatic-induction process to mode. When a 30 μL water drop hits the TENG, it can achieve a peak voltage of 9.3 V and a peak no chances of wear and tear. High understand the workTianbglem4.eTcrhibaoneilsemctroicf siet.riTeshfeorTsEoNmGe ciosmaodnelyoauvtaoilfabnlaenmoasterruiacltsu[r9e5d]. PTFE thin film current of 17 μA. A maximum popwoweerrocountvpeurstioonfe1ff4ic5ienμcWy is obtained when the generator is connected and PMMA as substrate layer coated cwomitpharCedutoeoltehcetrrmooddee.s Tofhe TENG is based on a single electrode to a resistor of resistance 5 MΩ. The study also proved that the superhydrophobic nature of the PTFE Aniline-formol resin operation. Polyvinyl alcohol mode. When a 30 μL water drop hits the TENG, it can achieve a peak voltage of 9.3 V and a peak film is responsible for the high output. Polyformaldehyde 1.3–1.4 Polyester (Dacron) (PET) current of 17 μA. A maximum power output of 145 μW is obtained when the generator is connected Ethylcellulose Polyisobutylene 4.1. Progress and Output Power Optimization in TENGs toaresistoroPforlyeasimstiadnec1Te1a5bMleΩ4..TTrihbeoeslteucdtryicaslesroiepsrforvesodmPtheolacyotumtrhemetaosnnuelpyflearxvhiabyilldearbsoplepomnhgoaebteircianlsat[u95r]e.ofthePTFE The first flexible triboelectric nanogenerator was invented in the year 2012 by Wang’s group by Polyamide 6-6 Polyethene terephthalate film is responsible for the high output. sandwiching polyester (PET) and Kapton thin films, which generated an open-circuit voltage of 3.3 Aniline-formol resin Polyvinyl alcohol Melanie formol Polyvinyl butyral V and current of 0.6 μA at a power density of ~10.4 mW/cm3 [88]. Later in the same year, Zhu et al. Wool, knitted Formo-phenolic, hardened Polyformaldehyde 1.3–1.4 Polyester (Dacron) (PET) Table 4. Triboelectric series for some commonly available materials [95]. gave a proper explanation for the TENG-based power conversion utilizing polymethylmethacrylate Silk, woven polychlorobutadiene (PMMA) and KapEttohnylcaesllutrliobsoeelectric materials [98]. These nPeowlyitsyopbeustyolefnreobust nanogenerators Polyethene glycol succinate Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer Nature Aniline-formol resin Polyvinyl alcohol produce a maximum open circuit voltage of 110 V, and the instantaneous power density reached up Cellulose Nature rubber Polyamide 11 Polyuretane flexible sponge to 31.2 mW/cPCmoelly.lfuWolroamsnaegldaecetheatyla.dt(e2011.32–)1d.4esigned an arc-shapedPotlryibPeosoteleylrea(cDctraiyclrnoanni)to(rPgilEenTe)rator using polymer 3 Polyamide 6-6 Polyethene terephthalate thin film andPoalytheitnhemnetagllyficlmolanddipsatutedied the working usinAgcfirnyiltoeneiltermile-nvtinanyallcyhslios.riTdhee designed Ethylcellulose Polyisobutylene 23 arc-shaped gPeonleyrdaitaolrly[9l8p]hrtehaachlaetde a power output of 230 V, 1P5o.5lyμbAis/pcmhe,naonldca1r2b8omnaWte/cm . Melanie formol Polyvinyl butyral Polyamide 11 Polyuretane flexible sponge PolydimCetlhluylosisleox(arengeeinsecroantseid)ersepdoonngeofthesuitablemPaotelyricahlslofrooreTthEeNrGapplicationsbecause Wool, knitted Formo-phenolic, hardened of its distincCtoptrtopne,rWtieosvleinke flexibility, transparency, high nPeoglaytvivineypliodlaerniteyc,halnodrideaes(ySafarbarni)cation. Polyamide 6-6 Polyethene terephthalate Polyurethane elastomer Poly(2,6-dimethyl polyphenyleneoxide) Zhu et al. (2013), based on contact separation mode, developed a TENG using nanoparticle-enhanced Silk, woven polychlorobutadiene Melanie formol Polyvinyl butyral Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Polystyrene polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and gold (Au) thin film, which reached a record high voltage of ~1200 Polyethene glycol succinate Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer Nature Styrene-butadiene copolymer Polyet2hylene V, instantanWeoouosl,pkonwiteterdoutput of 1.2 W, power density oFfo3r1m3oW-p/hmen,owlicit,harndaevnerdage output of 132.1 Wood Polypropylene mW [99]. Yun et aCl.,elilnultohseir work, exposed the PDMS to ultravNioatleutr-eorzuobnbeerand then sprinkled with Silk, woven polychlorobutadiene Hard rubber Polydiphenyl propane carbonate NaOH solution to get a triboelectric voltage of 49.3 V and 1.16 μA, respectively [100]. This output is Cellulose acetate Polyacrylonitrile Acetate, Rayon Polyimide (Kapton) found to beP1o5lyteimthesnelagrlgyecorltshuacncitnhaeteTENG using fresh BPuDtaMdSie.nHe-uacertylaoln. i(t2r0il1e3c)odpoelsyigmnerdNatvuerretical Polymethyl methacrylate (Lucite) Polyethylene terephtalate contactTENGintePgoralytedthweniethglay3cDolsapdirpaltestructurethatgaveamAacrxyimlonuimtripleo-vwineyrlocuhtlpouritdoef2.76W/m2 Cellulose Nature rubber Polyvinyl alcohol Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) on a load of 6 MΩ at a resonant frequency of 30 Hz [101]. Polydiallyl phthalate Polybisphenol carbonate (continued) Polytrifluorochloroethylene Cellulose acetate Polyacrylonitrile A harmonic-resonator-based TENG has been designed as an active vibration sensor, which was Polyamide 11 Polyisobutylene Cellulose (regenerated) sponge Polychloroether coupled with nanomaterials modifications. When a vibration with frequency from 2 to 200 Hz with Polyethene glycol adipate Acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride Polyamide 6-6 Polyuretane flexible sponge Cotton, Woven Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran) Melanime formol Polyethylene Terephthalate Polydiallyl phthalate Polybisphenol carbonate Wool, knitted Polyvinyl butyral Polyurethane elastomer Cellulose (regenerated) sponge Poly(2,6-dimethyl polyphenyleneoxide) Polychloroether Silk, woven Polychlorobutadiene Aluminum Natural rubber Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Polystyrene Cotton, Woven Polyvinylidene chloride (Saran) paper Polyacrilonitrile Styrene-butadiene copolymer Polyurethane elastomer Polyethylene Poly(2,6-dimethyl polyphenyleneoxide) Cotton, Woven Acrylonitrile-vinyl chloride Steel Wood Polypropylene Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Polybisphenol carbonate Wood Polystyrene Hard rubber Styrene-butadiene copolymer Polychloroether Hard rubber Polydiphenyl propane carbonate Polyethylene Acetate, Rayon Polyvinylidine chloride (Saran) Nickel, copper Polyimide (Kapton) Wood Polystyrene Sulfur Polypropylene Hard rubber Polyethylene Brass, silver Acetate, Rayon Polydiphenyl propane carbonate Acetate, Rayon Polypropylene Polyimide (Kapton) Polymethyl methacrylate (Lucite) Polyvinyl alcohol (continued) Polyimide (Kapton) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Polyvinyl Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 4.1. Progress and Output Power Optimization in TENGs The first flexible triboelectric nanogenerator was invented in the year 2012 by Wang’s group by sandwiching polyester (PET) and Kapton thin films, which generated an open-circuit voltage of 3.3 VPDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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