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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 773 17 of 35 the self-powered system and sensors [143]. Wearable and stretchable TENGs based on Kinesio tape exhibits a linear relationship with the stretched displacements and bending angles, enabling it to harvest energy from human motions like knee joint bending and human gestures [144]. Apart from these, there are TENGs that harvest electrical energy from eyeball motion [145], eye blinks [146], human body gestures, and posture change [147]. 4.2.2. Harvesting Blue Energy Water wave energy is one of the widely distributed and promising source of ambient energy [148,149], which is conventionally harvested using electromagnetic generators (EMG). The newly developed TENGs were capable of harvesting this large-scale blue energy. The main advantage of TENG over EMG is that they can harvest energy even in the irregular environment and at a low frequency of less than 5 Hz [148]. TENGs that harvest liquid wave energy, in which water itself acts as one of the triboelectric materials, have been developed [150,151]. The recurrent contact between water and the dielectric material (PDMS, FEP) layer causes electron flow across the external circuits [151]. Generally, water causes charge buildup in hydrophilic particles [152] and metals [153]. It also can hold charges for long periods [154]. Water is located on the top of the triboelectric series and it is always a positive charge, but it acquires a negative charge when falling through the air [155]. By integrating a 3D spiral structure, a TENG inside a buoy ball energy from wave can be harvested to give a power output of 110 V and 15 μA current [101]. This type of TENG has its application in marine sciences and environmental science for powering the sensors. A spherical TENG of 6 cm diameter actuated by water waves can generate a peak current of 1 μA and instantaneous power of 10 mW [156]. Kapton and Nylon 6/6 were used as the triboelectric surfaces based on freestanding triboelectric layer mode. These rolling TENGs [156–158] have a simple structure, are lightweight, and capable of rocking on or in water to harvest large-scale wave energy in lakes and oceans. Based on the output of a single TENG, a network of TENGs that can naturally float on the water surface and convert the low-frequency wave energy into electricity was developed [159]. This type of network of TENGs [160] is expected to produce an average power output of 1.15 MW from 1 square kilometer surface area. Zhong Lin Wang proposes a blue energy dream, in which thousands of TENGs are linked into a network using cables that could power a town or purify saline water [160]. This network can also be hybridized along with solar panels and wind turbines that could power an electricity grid. The network of TENGs, when integrated with the power management module, could produce a constant DC voltage on the external load and can be stored in capacitors. Liang et al. integrated a network of TENGs with a power management module, which improves the stored energy by 96 times in charging a capacitor [149]. Concerning low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability, Pang et al. fabricated a TENG using alginate as a triboelectric layer [161]. A butterfly-inspired B-TENG was proposed by researchers to harvest multidirectional ocean wave energy [162]. The spring-assisted four-bar linkage with four double-faced copper-clad plastic sheets in the B-TENG help to move the TENG in many directions to efficiently harvest energy. A recently developed TENG (2019) efficiently collects water wave energy and powers a self-activated anti-biofouling system in marine systems [163]. The researchers came up with optimized wavy structured [164–167] and nanowire [168] based TENGs that showed performance improvement in blue energy harvesting. In addition to these, there are other structures like duck-shaped [169], air-driven [169], membrane and rolling rod [170–174], and box type-based [175] TENG for efficient blue energy harvesting. 4.2.3. Harvesting Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the promising sources of renewable energy source that requires alternative harvesting methods. Researchers developed a wind-rolling triboelectric nanogenerator that generates electricity from wind as a lightweight triboelectric sphere rotates along a vortex whistle substrate [106].PDF Image | Nanogenerators as a Sustainable Power Source
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