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Energies 2020, 13, 370 8 of 31 With the only exception of the work by Wright et al. [22], these three layouts have never been compared to each other in a single study, and this is done for the first time on the basis of a pure thermodynamic objective. Moreover, unlike [22] and almost all studies in the literature, which focus on the optimum point, this work shows a wider spectrum of design options that include the optimum one as a particular solution. The overall performance is explained based on two metrics, namely the “cycle thermal efficiency” and the “heat recovery effectiveness”, following the approach recently used by one of the current authors in the comparison of traditional s-CO2 layouts and two novel s-CO2 layouts with dual expansion [36]. The former represents the capability of the novel power cycles in heat to power conversion, and the latter quantifies their ability in extracting heat from the waste heat source. This decomposition of the overall performance into two metrics highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each layout and helps understand the trend of the variation of the power output with the decision variables, which is peculiar to each layout. 2. Materials and Methods The methodology used in this work consists of the following four steps: (1) Selection of the most suitable s-CO2 power cycles for the WHR application; (2) analysis of their layouts to understand their genesis and building blocks; (3) setting of a common and sound basis for thermodynamic optimization and comparison; and (4) breakdown of the overall performance into meaningful elementary sub-metrics. The final goal was to gain a deeper insight into the underlying reasons leading to high performance and provide new directions of development for advanced s-CO2 power cycles for WHR. 2.1. Selection and Analysis of s-CO2 Power Cycles for WHR: Layouts and Decomposition into Elementary Thermodynamic Cycles Following a thorough literature survey on s-CO2 power cycles for WHR briefly outlined in the introduction, three layouts were selected, which combine a high potential with a relatively simple configuration and low number of components. The single flow split with dual expansion cycle was already selected by one of the present authors in [36], whereas the partial heating and dual recuperated cycles were first selected by the authors in this study. For each layout, an effort was made to disaggregate the overall structure into elementary thermodynamic cycles, which helps to understand the genesis of these advanced systems. 2.1.1. Single Flow Split with Dual Expansion s-CO2 Power Cycle Figure 1 shows the layout of the single flow split with dual expansion s-CO2 cycle [36]. The total CO2 flow at the outlet of the compressor (state 2) is split into two streams. The first stream (m1) is heated to the maximum cycle temperature (state 3) in the heater and expanded in the high temperature turbine, HTT (3–4). The second stream (m2) is heated to the inlet temperature of the low temperature turbine, LTT (state 7), in two recuperators (LTR and HTR) in sequence. The CO2 flow leaving the HTT is cooled in the HTR (4–5) and mixed with the exhaust from LTT. The total CO2 flow is cooled in the LTR (9–10) and cooler (10–1) down to the desired compressor inlet state. This highly integrated system can be thought of as being composed of two partially superimposed elementary Brayton cycles: A topping non-recuperated cycle (Figure 2a) and a bottoming recuperated cycle (Figure 2b). The two elementary thermodynamic cycles share the cooler and the compressor and interact through the HTR and LTR. In the topping cycle, CO2 is heated from the compressor outlet to the inlet of the HTT by the external heat source. In the bottoming cycle, CO2 is heated from the compressor outlet to the inlet of the LTT primarily by recovering the exhaust heat from the HTT (in HTR and LTR) and, partially, by recovering the exhaust heat from the LTT (in LTR). Thus, the LTR has a double function: Not only does it recover the low temperature exhaust heat from the topping cycle but it also recovers internally the exhaust heat within the bottoming cycle.PDF Image | Novel Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery
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