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Energies 2020, 13, 370 24 of 31 Table 8. Optimum values of the decision variables and performance metrics for the three novel s-CO2 cycles considered in this study compared to those of the single recuperated cycle used as the baseline. Parameter Tin (◦C) x TIT (◦C) ηth φ ηTOT Single Flow Split with Dual Expansion 600 0.35 550 26.62 83.77 22.30 Partial Heating 600 0.30 390 25.82 83.77 21.63 Dual Recuperated 600 0.56 520 28.40 68.27 19.39 Single Recuperated 600 - 370 24.96 63.40 15.83 The optimum TIT of the single flow split with dual expansion is the highest allowed, whereas the optimum TIT of the partial heating cycle is 210 ◦C lower than Tin. The optimum TIT of the dual recuperated cycle deviates from the maximum by a few tens of degrees. The optimum mass fraction, x, is the highest in the dual recuperated cycle, whereas it is in the range 30%–35% for the other two cycles. All three novel s-CO2 cycles outperform the baseline single recuperated cycle, both in terms of ηth and φ, providing an incremental power of 22.5% to 40.9% in the utilization of the same waste heat source at 600 ◦C. 3.5. Exergy-Based Performance Comparison Table 9 shows the results of the exergy analysis of the three novel s-CO2 power cycles at the thermodynamic optimum. The highest exergy efficiency is reached by the single flow split with a dual expansion cycle and approaches 50%. The exergy efficiency of the partial heating cycle is only 1.5% lower than the maximum, whereas the penalty is 6.5% for the dual recuperated cycle. The exergy of the waste heat source required to generate the same fixed amount of electric power (1 MW) is 2 to 2.3 MW, with the overall exergy destructions/losses being in the range 1–1.3 MW depending on the cycle layout. Table 9. Exergy of the waste heat source, net power output, and exergy efficiency of the three advanced s-CO2 power cycles for WHR. Single Flow Split with Dual Expansion Partial Heating Dual Recuperated 2312 1000 1312 43.24 Waste heat source (kW) Net power (kW) Total exergy destruction/loss (kW) Exergy efficiency (%) 2010 2073 1000 1000 1010 1073 49.75 48.24 The breakdown of the overall exergy destruction/loss into exergy losses occurring in the separate pieces of plant equipment is important to identify the source of these losses and understand any limitation of the s-CO2 power cycle layouts. It can be easily seen from Table 10 and Figure 16 that the slight penalty in exergy efficiency of the partial heating cycle compared to the best cycle is mainly due to the higher exergy losses in the heaters. On the other hand, the penalty in exergy efficiency of the dual recuperated cycle is due to the relevant exergy loss in the stack and the exergy destruction in the recuperators.PDF Image | Novel Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery
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