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Energies 2020, 13, 370 Energies 2020, 13, x 27 of 31 (c) Figure 18. Temperature heat–load diagrams of the heat transfer between hot and cold CO2 in the Figure 18. Temperature heat–load diagrams of the heat transfer between hot and cold CO2 in the recuperator/s of the s-CO2 power cycles: (a) Single flow split with dual expansion; (b) partial heating; recuperator/s of the s-CO2 power cycles: (a) Single flow split with dual expansion; (b) partial heating; (c) dual recuperated. (c) dual recuperated. 4. Discussion 4. Discussion Thisworkshowsthatthemostpromisingnovelconfigurationsofadvanceds-CO powercycle 2 This work shows that the most promising novel configurations of advanced s-CO2 power cycle layouts proposed in the recent literature can be simply generated by the combination of two elementary layouts proposed in the recent literature can be simply generated by the combination of two Brayton cycles, which are superimposed (i.e., joined) at lower temperatures but physically separated elementary Brayton cycles, which are superimposed (i.e., joined) at lower temperatures but at higher temperatures. The distinct features of a topping and bottoming elementary cycle were 27 of 31 physically separated at higher temperatures. The distinct features of a topping and bottoming strictlyidentifiedonlyinthesingleflowsplitwithadualexpansions-CO powercycle,whereasthe 2 elementary cycle were strictly identified only in the single flow split with a dual expansion s-CO2 elementary cycles in the remaining layouts hold some peculiar aspects; hence, they are simply called power cycle, whereas the elementary cycles in the remaining layouts hold some peculiar aspects; the “first” and “second” elementary cycle. All three power cycles share the basic idea of cascade hence, they are simply called the “first” and “second” elementary cycle. All three power cycles share utilization of the waste heat that produces power twice, namely, in the first and second cycles. This idea the basic idea of cascade utilization of the waste heat that produces power twice, namely, in the first is strictly implemented in the single flow split with dual expansion cycle, where the waste heat is and second cycles. This idea is strictly implemented in the single flow split with dual expansion cycle, entirely recovered and converted into power in the topping non-recuperated cycle, whose exhaust is, where the waste heat is entirely recovered and converted into power in the topping non-recuperated in turn, fully recovered and converted into power by the bottoming recuperated cycle. This strategy is cycle, whose exhaust is, in turn, fully recovered and converted into power by the bottoming relaxedinthepartialheatings-CO powercycle,whereafractionofwasteheatproducespoweronly recuperated cycle. This strategy is2relaxed in the partial heating s-CO2 power cycle, where a fraction once in the second cycle, though to the advantage of a higher thermal efficiency of the latter. Instead, of waste heat produces power only once in the second cycle, though to the advantage of a higher it is even exacerbated in the dual recuperated layout, where a fraction of the exhaust heat from the thermal efficiency of the latter. Instead, it is even exacerbated in the dual recuperated layout, where second cycle substitutes for a fraction of the waste heat, yet to the detriment of heat extraction from the a fraction of the exhaust heat from the second cycle substitutes for a fraction of the waste heat, yet to waste heat source. the detriment of heat extraction from the waste heat source. The results obtained from the thermodynamic optimization show that the single flow split with a The results obtained from the thermodynamic optimization show that the single flow split with dual expansion cycle attains the highest total heat recovery efficiency, which reaches the remarkable a dual expansion cycle attains the highest total heat recovery efficiency, which reaches the remarkable value of 22.3% for WHR from waste gas at 600 ◦C, also considering the moderate size of the system. value of 22.3% for WHR from waste gas at 600 °C, also considering the moderate size of the system. The net power output attainable by the single flow split with the dual expansion layout is 3.1% higher The net power output attainable by the single flow split with the dual expansion layout is 3.1% higher than the partial heating layout, 15% higher than the dual recuperated layout, and 40.9% higher than than the partial heating layout, 15% higher than the dual recuperated layout, and 40.9% higher than the single recuperated layout used as the baseline. For the best layout, the analysis of the objective the single recuperated layout used as the baseline. For the best layout, the analysis of the objective function around the optimum showed that the region of the highest power output is obtained in a quite function around the optimum showed that the region of the highest power output is obtained in a narrow range of turbine inlet temperatures approaching the maximum (550 ◦C). Indeed, a reduction of quite narrow range of turbine inlet temperatures approaching the maximum (550 °C). Indeed, a the inlet temperature from 550 to 400 ◦C implies a net loss of 4% in the total heat recovery efficiency. reduction of the inlet temperature from 550 to 400 °C implies a net loss of 4% in the total heat recovery Instead, the region of the highest performance for the partial heating layout occurs in a wider range of efficiency. Instead, the region of the highest performance for the partial heating layout occurs in a temperatures centered on a much lower value around 390 to 400 ◦C compared to the other layouts. wider range of temperatures centered on a much lower value around 390 to 400 °C compared to the The high thermodynamic performance, which is only slightly lower than that attainable by the best other layouts. The high thermodynamic performance, which is only slightly lower than that layout, the moderate optimum cycle maximum temperatures, and the lowest number of components attainable by the best layout, the moderate optimum cycle maximum temperatures, and the lowest certainly place the partial heating cycle in a leading position for the recovery of high temperature waste number of components certainly place the partial heating cycle in a leading position for the recovery heat. Finally, the traditional single recuperated layout shows all its limitations in WHR applications. of high temperature waste heat. Finally, the traditional single recuperated layout shows all its limitations in WHR applications. Author Contributions: Original draft preparation, G.M.; Review and editing, M.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Author Contributions: Original draft preparation, G.M.; Review and editing, M.C.PDF Image | Novel Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery
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