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2. Background Produced water is defined as the water that exists in subsurface formations and is brought to the surface during oil and gas production. Water is generated from conventional oil and gas production, as well as the production of unconventional sources such as coal bed methane, tight sands, and gas shale. The concentration of constituents and the volume of produced water differ dramatically depending on the type and location of the petroleum product. Produced water accounts for the largest waste stream volume associated with oil and gas production. 2.1 Petroleum Resource Formation and Production 2.1.1 Conventional Oil and Gas Oil is formed from plant and animal material that accumulates at the bottom of a water supply such as an ocean, river, lake, or coral reef. Over time, this material is buried by accumulating sediment and is pushed deeper into the earth’s surface where the pressure increases from the weight of the overlying sediment and the temperature increases due to heat from the earth’s core. Oil and gas reservoirs are created when hydrocarbon pyrolysis occurs in a confined layer of porous reservoir material. The confined material restrains the fossil fuel in the subsurface, while the permeable and porous reservoir material allows for accumulation. Oil exists underground as small droplets trapped inside the small void spaces in rock. When a well is drilled into an oil reservoir, the high pressure that exists in the reservoir pushes oil out of the small voids and to the surface. 2.1.2 Unconventional Petroleum Resources Oil shale, gas shale, tight sands, and coal bed methane are considered unconventional petroleum resources. Oil shale reservoirs are confined in sedimentary formations. Oil shale formations do not convert hydrocarbons into crude oil. Oil shale commonly is refined to produce a cleaner energy product for high grade fuel use. Tight sedimentary formations retain the hydrocarbons requiring energy and water intensive well development. Fracturing polymers in combination with water are injected at high pressures into the reservoir formation. Fracturing is necessary to produce sufficient effective aquifer conductivity to allow the production of economical quantities of oil and gas. The United States has the largest oil shale deposits. The Green River formation in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah contains the largest oil shale deposit in the United States. Seventy percent of the commercially attractive resource in the Green River formation resides on land managed by the United States Federal Government. Gas shale also is produced naturally from the shale formation. Gas is stored in fractures, pore space, and adsorbed to the organic reservoir material. Gas shale 3PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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