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3. Conclusions and Recommendations Produced water is generated in large volumes across the Western United States from both conventional and unconventional petroleum production with the majority of the water produced in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, California, and the Rocky Mountain region including Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. Given the large volume of water generated during operations, produced water could be considered an alternative water resource in locations experiencing water shortage. Produced water could be used to augment conventional water supplies for use in irrigation and livestock watering, streamflow augmentation, and industrial applications. Water quality issues may need to be addressed for produced water to be used for these beneficial uses. For agricultural purposes, most produced water sources contain elevated levels of sodium and high conductivity that require treatment to eliminate the possibility of damage to crops and livestock. In some states, produced water volumes are large enough to make a significant contribution to the water demand for irrigation and livestock. Numerous treatment technologies have been suggested for produced water. This document provides a qualitative comparison of the different technologies and provides guidance on the benefits and limitations of each technology. Water quality constraints and site-specific design criteria should be used to select the most appropriate treatment technology for a given produced water source and desired beneficial use. Three case studies were presented, which illustrate the large potential for beneficial use in the Western United States for different types of applications: agriculture, stream low augmentation, and industrial use. Appropriate management techniques will allow produced water to be used as a resource rather than treated as a waste to meet the growing water demand in the Western United States. This work, along with research conducted by others (through the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, and the Research Partnership to Secure Energy for America), has thoroughly evaluated produced water occurrence, quality, quantity, beneficial uses of produced water, and produced water treatment technologies. Future work should focus on simultaneously considering all of this information to develop site-specific produced water management strategies that are both environmentally and economically efficient. 11PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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