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5.1 Produced Water Use Although produced water from oil and gas wells commonly is considered a high volume, high salinity waste stream, produced water has the potential to be used to offset water demands and over allocation of water supplies. Waste stream management is necessary to continue hydrocarbon production from oil and gas wells. Therefore, for use of produced water for beneficial purposes to be effective, the value of produced water must be assessed in each use scenario. The value of treating and managing produced water to be used for beneficial purposes will, therefore, depend on the specific situation including the water volume, water characteristics, and proposed use. Produced water operators include extensive costs in the handling and management of produced water. Costs include bringing the water to the surface, re-injecting the water into the formation for disposal, and transporting the large amounts of water to injection wells. Often, transportation of large water volumes is so expensive that produced water may be treated onsite, including desalination, for less cost. Treatment onsite, even with the creation of a brine or concentrate waste stream, minimizes the total waste volume that requires injection. Furthermore, treatment creates a product of sufficient quality to alleviate dependences on local fresh water sources for many applications. Water volumes available from oil and gas production and potential beneficial uses of produced water are outlined in this chapter. 5.2 Produced Water Volumes Compared to Use Demands To determine how produced water volumes compare relative to water use in the United States, information from two studies was used. The first study provided comprehensive information on produced water in a report from the U.S Department of Energy (DOE), entitled “A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane.” This publication estimated the annual onshore U.S. produced water volumes for 1985, 1995, and 2002. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) also has done comprehensive studies on water use in the United States for 2000 and 2005. Combining the data provided in those studies, the following information was extracted for the Western United States. Volumes of fresh water used annually in the Western States range from an estimated 600 thousand acre-feet per year (AFY) in South Dakota to 43,000 thousand AFY in California. Water supply uses are presented by State in figure 8. Water usage in the Western United States is dominated by irrigation in most States. State specific trends in water use include elevated water consumption for thermoelectric power generation in Kansas, Nebraska, and 24PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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