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Table 7. TDS categories for livestock water TDS Category Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 TDS Range1 < 1,000 1,000 to 2,999 3,000 to 4,999 5,000 to 6,999 7,000 to 10,000 > 10,000 Description Satisfactory Satisfactory, slight temporary illness Satisfactory for livestock, increased poultry mortality Reasonable for livestock, unsafe for poultry Unfit for poultry and swine, acceptable short term for livestock Not recommended 1 < = less than; > = greater than. Water quality is an important consideration for livestock watering. Meeting limits for specific constituents is necessary to provide protection of livestock consuming produced water, and treatment is often necessary to meet requirements. Although water requirements for livestock watering are relatively low, oil and gas wells drilled on property leased from farmers and ranchers represent a local source of water available for use. The use of produced water for livestock watering is convenient, given large ranching areas in areas producing large volumes of produced water. These overlapping areas include States such as Oklahoma, Wyoming, Texas, and California. 5.3.3 Irrigation In most States, irrigation represents the majority of fresh water use. In estimates for the Western United States in 2000, irrigation represented over 70% of total state water usage (USGS 2005). Water used for irrigation is less easily recovered than water used for public consumption. Water loss occurs through transpiration from plants and through evaporation, while irrigating or during transport. Nationally, 59% of irrigation water is supplied from surface water sources; while in the Western United States, 64% is supplied from surface water resources. Almost a quarter of the 5% discrepancy between the Western United States and the Nation reliance on surface water sources could be supplied by produced water resources discharged into streams and channels to be used downstream for uses such as irrigation. Irrigation not only requires large water volumes, but also has stringent water quality criteria. Specifically for produced water, parameters such as the sodium adsorption ratio are important criteria for ensuring that the water quality is sufficient to not damage crops. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR) is a calculation of the suitability for a water source for irrigation. The equation for the calculation is: 29PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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