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6. Produced Water Quality Characterization Produced water is in contact with the hydrocarbon-bearing formation for centuries before it is produced and contains some of the chemical characteristics of the formation and the hydrocarbon (Veil et al. 2004). Additionally, naturally present water in the pore structure also reflects characteristics of the hydrocarbon depositional environment. Conventional and unconventional resources vary in depositional environment from continental fresh water deposits to brackish or marine water deposits. Resulting water quality of the produced formation water is a blend of the fresh to marine source environment origin and dissolved mineral species characteristic to source formation dissolution. To generalize the characteristics of produced water quality, information has been gathered from public resources on salt concentrations and composition, major and minor inorganic constituents, organic constituents, naturally occurring radioactive material, and chemical additives used during well development and well production. The USGS has published an extensive online database of produced water quality for producing basins across the United States. This database contains major ion analysis and TDS concentrations for over 27,500 oil and gas wells nationwide. The database is limited in certain areas because it does not explicitly state which wells produce oil or natural gas, the age of the wells, the flow rate of water from the well at the time of the sampling, the sampling technique used or the analytical method. The database is best used to draw general conclusions about produced water generated by the petroleum industry as a whole. For the purpose of this report, data collected and analyzed from this source is considered to reflect conventional produced water quality. To supplement this database general water quality summary, studies on conventional oil and gas water quality such as Fakhru’l-Razi et al. (2009), Fillo and Evans (1990), Shepard et al. (1992) and Tibbetts et al. (1992) are used to provide general information on minor ions, organics, and radionuclides. State governing entities on oil and gas production also keep produced water quality records for conventional and unconventional resources. The Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) keeps public records of both major and minor ions associated with conventional and unconventional oil and gas resources. Due to the extent of coal bed natural gas production in the Rocky Mountain region, the COGCC keeps categorized water quality information on CBM. Major CBM basins in Colorado include the San Juan and Raton basins of southern Colorado and the Piceance basin in western Colorado. Data varies in completeness by well log; but major ions, total dissolved solids data, and certain minor ions are available for 1,455 unconventional well in Colorado. This 41PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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