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well data in combination with case studies in the Powder River and other national basins is used to draw general conclusions for unconventional gas produced water quality. For the purpose of this report, unconventional water quality data is categorized as CBM produced water. Information on CBM produced water quality is more easily found in the public domain than information on flowback water; however, an effort was made to distinguish water quality from initial production of flowback water during hydraulic fracturing operations in various unconventional resources from produced water quality information. The following sections describe the characteristics of both conventional and unconventional produced water quality. Information presented represents a general summary of water compositions reported in produced water quality databases and previous studies. A list of relevant resources, for specific wellhead database data or case studies on produced water, is provided at the end of this section. 6.1 Salt Concentration and Composition Produced water is a mixture of inorganic and organic compounds (Fakhru’l-Razi et al. 2009). Salinity is a general attribute of produced water. The properties of produced water vary depending on the geographic location of the field, the geological host formation, and the type of hydrocarbon product being produced (Veil et al. 2004). Salinity or salt concentration, described as TDS, can vary in conventional oil and gas well produced waters from 1,000–400,000 mg/L (United States Geological Survey 2002). Variations in TDS are related to geologic variations between basins, well location in a well field, and the resource produced. The USGS and COGCC databases are used to describe distinctions in TDS between wells producing conventional or unconventional resources. The large range of TDS observed in the USGS database for conventional wells is broken down into basin entries in figure 10 (USGS 2005). Figure 10 demonstrates the variations of TDS in Western United States basins through using of a box and whisker plot. The top and bottom of the box represent the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The midline through the box represents the 50th percentile. The up and down bars, or whiskers, represent the minimum and maximum concentrations observed in the basins. The basins in figure 10 have been arranged to depict basin locations from north (left side of graph) to south (right side of graph). The range of TDS, from minimum to maximum concentrations, in entries for the Western United States basins are extensive, spanning more than 150,000 mg/L in all basins and over 300,000 mg/L in more than half. The statistical percentiles, however, confine the expected span of water quality to more specific regions. For example, the Sweetgrass, Powder River, Big Horn, Wind River, Green River, 42PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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