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Denver, Piceance, and San Juan are all comprised of 75th percentile TDS values below 50,000 mg/L; and a majority of these wells have a TDS of 35,000 ppm or less. Trends in TDS can be observed as the basins are located more southerly. Basin TDS concentrations in the southern basins—with the exception of the Williston basin in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota that also have higher TDS–contain a majority of entries above 50,000–100,000 mg/L. The formation environments as well as the formation material contribute to the overall salinity of the produced water in both conventional and unconventional wells. Increased salinity in the southern basins could be attributed to marine type depositional environments during the late cretaceous period. Reservoirs in these regions were formed in brackish to marine environments, while continental reservoirs such as the Powder River basin were formed in fresh water environments (Van Voast 2003). Comparing conventional wells to unconventional wells, a large distinction can be made in well type based on the observed range of TDS concentrations. While conventional wells can approach TDS concentrations of 400,000 mg/L, CBM wells are generally less than 50,000 mg/L (Benko and Drewes, 2008). Figure 11 depicts the distribution of TDS in conventional wells, and figure 12 shows the distribution in unconventional wells. The histogram charts use TDS bins to differentiate wells of different concentrations. The percentage of wells in each bin dictates the height of each bar. Note the difference in scale of the TDS concentrations for conventional versus unconventional well water qualities. Distinct differences in the histogram shapes exist between conventional and unconventional wells in the distribution of TDS. Conventional wells consistently span the TDS range between 5,000–200,000 mg/L, but the percentage of wells in higher TDS ranges tends to decrease as TDS concentrations increase beyond 200,000 mg/L. The distribution of wells above 200,000 mg/L is 18%, while 53%, or the majority of wells, range from 50,000–200,000 mg/L; and 29% exhibit TDS concentrations below 50,000 mg/L. Conversely, 99% of the unconventional wells in the COGCC database exhibit TDS concentrations below 50,000 mg/L. Furthermore, 86% of unconventional wells exhibit a TDS of 5,000 mg/L or less. Close to three times as many unconventional wells (86%) display TDS concentrations less than 5,000 mg/L as compared to conventional wells (29%) with TDS values less than 50,000 mg/L. Salt concentration, signified by TDS, represents a clear distinction in composition between waters produced from conventional wells versus CBM wells. In addition to salt concentration, salt composition or makeup is equally important in distinguishing between produced water types. The dominant cations observed for both conventional and unconventional produced water types include sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The dominant anions are most commonly bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate. Significant differences exist in the dominant ions of conventional and unconventional 44PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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