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TDS can be broken into subcategories based on specific irrigation and livestock requirements. Although the least conservative TDS values were used for the previous comparison, many less wells meet more stringent water quality requirements. For example, although 88% of the unconventional CBM wells meet the 10,000-mg/L criteria for livestock water, only 10% meet the satisfactory level preventing illness and mortality. Less than 1% of the conventional wells meet this satisfactory criterion. Although the TDS is acceptable in most wells for short periods of time, treating or blending water with a fresh water resource would be required to sustain this application. Table 18. Suitability statistics for produced water for agricultural uses % of Wells in TDS Range Class1 Class2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Irrigation TDS Categories Conventional 0% 0% 0 % 1 % 99 % Conventional 0 % 4 % 5 % 3 % 82 % Unconventional 0% 1% 14 % 14 % 71 % Unconventional 10% 37% 15% 12% 14% 12% Excellent Good Permissible Doubtful Unsuitable <160 160–480 486 – 1,280 1,286 – 1,920 > 1,920 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Satisfactory Satisfactory, slight temporary illness Satisfactory for livestock, increased poultry mortality Reasonable for livestock, unsafe for poultry Not recommended < 1,000 1,000 – 2,999 3,000 – 4,999 5,000 – 6,999 > 10,000 Livestock Watering TDS Categories Unfit for poultry and swine, acceptable short term for livestock 7,000 – 10,000 5% TDS concentration is not the only requirement specific for irrigation applications. SAR is as important as TDS when considering applications. Irrigation requirements for SAR can be split into four categories: low 1–9, medium 10–17, high 18–25, and very high > 26. Low SAR values may not be used on sodium sensitive crops; medium values require soil amendments such as gypsum; high values are generally unsuitable for continuous use; and very high values generally are unsuitable for use (Davis, Waskom et al. 2007). Figure 22 compares calculated SAR values for convention and unconventional wells to the aforementioned categories. 64PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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