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Figure 22. Western United States oil and gas basins: percentage of wells in SAR irrigation categories. the maximum levels, there is a potential for wells to exceed standard requirements. Only beryllium (conventional) and antimony (unconventional) standards are not exceeded for drinking water within the range of recorded concentrations, table 19. For livestock watering, mercury is not exceeded in conventional wells; while aluminium, cobalt, and zinc are the only constituents not exceeded in unconventional wells. All other constituent levels are potentially exceeded for livestock watering including TDS, pH, and alkalinity as the recorded concentration ranges exceed standards. TDS concentrations and SAR values exceed most standard requirements for beneficial use. To use these resources, more produced waters will require treatment. Treatment processes, particularly those focused on removing salt from the system to lower TDS concentration, concentrate rejected ions into a brine stream. Concentration of certain minor ions, such as heavy metals, challenges the easy disposal of a potentially hazardous waste stream. Metals also may accumulate in soils. Metals at low concentrations in produced water, continuously applied to irrigation fields or streams, may deposit metals into the subsurface. These metals may concentrate in the subsurface contaminating the soil and also may be transported into potable shallow ground water sources at concentrations exceeding standards for use. Concentrations of minor ions present 66PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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