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7.1.5 Media Filtration Filtration can be accomplished using a variety of different types of media: walnut shell, sand, anthracite, and others. Filtration is a widely used technology for produced water, especially walnut shell filters for removing oil and grease. There are many vendors available that market filtration technologies specifically for produced water. Filtration does not remove dissolved ions, and performance of filters is not affected by high salt concentrations; therefore filtration can be used for all TDS bins regardless of salt type. Filtration can be used to remove oil and grease and TOC from produced water with greater than 90% oil and grease removal. Removal efficiencies can be improved by employing coagulation upstream of the filter. Nearly 100% water recovery is achieved with filtration; some filtrate may be used for backwashes. Minimal energy is required for these processes. Energy is required for backwashing the filter. Coagulant may be added to the feed water to increase particle size and enhance separation. Chemicals may be required for media regeneration. There will be a pressure loss incurred across the filter; however, depending on plant configuration, this may not require any additional pumps. Pumps will be necessary to backwash the filters. Solid waste disposal is required for spent media or the waste produced during regeneration of the media. 7.1.6 Oxidation Chemical oxidation treatment can be used to remove iron, manganese, sulphur, color, tastes, odor, and synthetic organic chemicals. Chemical oxidation relies on oxidation/reduction reactions, which consist of two half-reactions: the oxidation reaction in which a substance loses or donates electrons, and a reduction reaction in which a substance accepts or gains electrons. Oxidation and reduction reactions will always occur together since free electrons cannot exist in solution and electrons must be conserved (AWWA 2005). Oxidants commonly used in water treatment applications include chlorine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, oxygen, and ozone. The appropriate oxidant for a given application depends on many factors including raw water quality, specific contaminants present in the water, and local chemical and power costs (AWWA 2005). Chemical oxidation is well established, reliable, and requires minimal equipment (Reclamation 2003). Oxidation can be employed to remove organics and some inorganic compounds (i.e., iron and manganese) from produced water. The removal or oxidation rate may be controlled by applied chemical dose and contact time between oxidants and water with 100% feed water recovery. Chemical metering is required. Energy usage usually accounts for approximately 18% of the total O&M for oxidation processes coupled with high chemical cost. Critical components of the oxidation process are the chemical metering pumps. Chemical metering equipment can have a life expectancy of 10 years or greater. Periodic calibration and maintenance of chemical meter pumps are required. 75PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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