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system. The GAC typically will expand up to 75–100% in volume, but it may be only as much as 50% (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Empty bed contact time is the volume of the empty bed divided by volumetric flow rate of water through the carbon. A typical bed depth can contain up to 50% freeboard excess capacity beyond the designed capacity to allow for bed expansion during backwashing. Surface loading rates, or the volume of water that is passing though a given area, typically range from 2–6 gallons per minute per square foot (5–15 meters per hour) (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Biological growth can be desirable within GAC, which results in what is known as biologically active carbon (BAC). BAC can be beneficial by removing assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and other biodegradable compounds. If it is intended to have BAC, the GAC filters typically are preceded by ozonation that breaks down the organic carbon into a more assimable form. This process can enhance the overall contaminant removal of the GAC process. However, the biological growth needs to be controlled with frequent backwashing (once every 5 days). The use of chlorine prior to the beds will not prevent growth, will produce DBPs that take up more GAC adsorption sites, and will make the carbon more brittle. Disinfection is recommended after the GAC filters to prevent biological growth in the distribution system and to achieve the highest removal of AOC within the plant. If biological growth is not controlled and anaerobic conditions develop, odor problems will occur, and undesirable organisms will begin to grow. Significant head loss and shorter filter runs can occur with too much biological growth. These two factors will be impacted even with beneficial biological growth and should be accounted for in GAC design (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Regular reactivation or replacement of carbon media is required. If a GAC plant is large enough, regeneration can be done onsite, but it is typically performed off site. Onsite regeneration is typically not effective unless the carbon exhaustion rate is larger than 910 kg/day (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Reactivation frequency is dependent on contaminant type, concentration, rate of water usage, and type of carbon used. Careful monitoring and testing to ensure contaminant removal is achieved is necessary around the time of startup and breakthrough. Flushing is required if the carbon filter is not used for several days, and regular backwashing may be required to prevent bacterial growth (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Disposal of spent media is typically the responsibility of the contractor providing the media replacement or reactivation service. Backwash/flush water disposal is a required waste stream if it is included in the design of the filter (AWWA, 2005, Water Treatment Plant Design). Benefits: • Well established treatment technique • Suitable for many organic chemicals, NOM, and trihalomethanes (THMs). 79PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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