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7.2.6.4 Ion Exchange The Higgins LoopTM is a sodium ion exchange technology for water with a high concentration of sodium. This process is beneficial if there are no other ions of concern besides sodium and if SAR adjustment is necessary. The cation exchange resin in the Higgins LoopTM process exchanges sodium ions for hydrogen ions. Up to 90% exchange levels are achieved. As the resin becomes loaded with sodium, the flows to the adsorption portion of the process temporarily are interrupted. The resin then is advanced by a pulsing action through the loop in the opposite direction of the liquid flow. The loaded resin then is regenerated with hydrochloric acid and rinsed before being advanced back into the adsorption portion of the loop. Treated water is slightly acidic because H+ ions are added to the water. Therefore, the pH is raised, and calcium is added by passing the treated water through a limestone bed in the pH controlling process step. For many produced waters, removing the sodium ions will have a large effect on the total dissolved solids concentration to render the water suitable for beneficial use. Other ion exchange resins also may be employed to target specific ions for removal. The resin may or may not be able to be regenerated. 7.3 Commercial Processes Numerous companies currently market package produced water treatment technologies. Most of these companies tailor their package plant to meet the specific treatment need for each individual application. The following sections contain a brief summary of some of the commercially available produced water treatment systems. 7.3.1 Freeze-Thaw/Evaporation (FTE®) ® BC Technologies and Crystal Solutions utilizes the FTE produced water for full scale facilities. In this process, when the outdoor air temperature is less than 32 °F, the water to be treated is sprayed or dripped onto a freezing pad, forming a large pile of ice. This process exploits the fact that saline water has a lower freezing point than fresh water; therefore, at temperatures cooler than 32 °F, the runoff from the ice pile will be salty brine. When the temperature is such that melting occurs, the runoff will be fresh water. This process has been used successfully to treat produced water and is considered an established process for produced water treatment. 7.3.2 CDM Produced Water Technology CDM has developed a process for treating produced water containing TDS levels up to 20,000 mg/L. The technology is not specific for coal bed methane produced water and has been pilot tested with tight sands produced water in the Piceance process to treat 89PDF Image | Oil and Gas Produced Water Management
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