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the performance of the ORC. However, no standard test is available for ORCs and machines sold have just the design point while the machine can operate at different conditions due the weather variation or heat source dynamic evolution. G. Environmental impact of ORC plants Usually environmental impacts of ORC plants are evocated in terms of effects of working fluids (ODP, GWP, atmospheric lifetime). However, this is not enough and all the chain should be assessed. Till now very few works are available [9], and more studies on different technologies and applications are needed. V. ECONOMICS The cost of an ORC plant depends on the type of application. Factors influencing the cost are: size/ magnitude of the project, location (latitude, longitude, accessibility, resource...), cost of the land (morphology – flat or no, geology, civil work, ... ), temperature level of the heat resource, nature of the heat carrier (gas or liquid), cost and size of the ORC machine, water availability (if water cooled), labor (skilled workers, subcontractors available in this region), cost of materials (locally produced or imported), capital cost (availability, cost, financial risks), storage system (yes or no, esp. solar), backup system (esp. solar)... The cost of the ORC machine depends on manufacturers and technology. Technology refers to the type of turbine and fluid. Here is given a short list of ORC manufacturers: Electratherm, Tri-o- gen B.V., Turboden, Ormat Inc., Cyplan limited, Opcon Energy System AB, ABB, Maxxtec AG, Infnity turbine llc, Cryostar SAS, Kholer&Ziegler, etc. Fig. 5 depicts the cost for ORC machines versus size. Fig. 6. The core chain value and elements VI. CONCLUSION The state-of-the art of the ORC technology has been presented. The interest over this technology is growing as it could be part of the solution to alleviate the consequences of the climate change. It opens new opportunities for industries and another possibility of generating clean electricity in areas with low temperature heat resources (biomass, geothermic, waste heat, thermal sea gradient...). However, in the way to its wide adoption and implementation, a number of challenges has yet to be overcome. REFERENCES [1] S. Quoilin, M. Van Den Broek, S. Declaye, P. Dewaleff, V. Lemort, “Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems,” Ren. & Sus. En. Rev., vol. 22, pp. 168-186, 2013. [2] B.F. Tchanche, Gr. Lambrinos, A. Frangoudakis, G. Papadakis, “Low-grade heat conversion into power using organic Rankine cycles – A review of various applications,” Ren. & Sus. En. Rev. 15, pp. 3963-3979, 2011. [3] B.F. Tchanche, G. Papadakis, Gr. Lambrinos, A. Frangoudakis, “Fluid selection for a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle,” Appl. Therm. Eng. Vol. 29, pp. 2468-2476, 2009. [4] S. Quoilin, S. Declaye, B.F. Tchanche, V. Lemort, “Thermo- economic optimization of waste heat recovery organic Rankine cycles,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 31, pp. 2885-2893, 2011. [5] A. Schuster, S. Karellas, R. Aumann, “Efficiency optimization potential in supercritical Organic Rankine Cycles,” Energy, vol. 35, pp. 1033-1039, 2010. [6] B.V. Datla, J.J. Brasz, “Organic Rankine Cycle System Analysis for Low GWP Working Fluids,” proc. of Int. Refr. & Air Cond. Conf., Purdue, July 16-19, 2012. [7] J.J. Brasz, “Assessment of C6F as working fluid for organic Rankine cycle applications”, in Proc. of Int. Refr. & Air Cond. Conf., Perdue, July 14-17, 2008. [8] B.F. Tchanche, M. Pétrissans, P. Loonis, “Fluids in low- temperature thermodynamic power cycles,” in Proc. of 3rd Int. Exergy, LCA and Sustanability Workshop & Symposium, 07-09 July, Nisyros, 2013. [9] L. Bai, “Life cycle assessment of electricity generation from low temperature waste heat: the influence of working fluid,” MSc Thesis, NTNU–Norwegian University of Science &Technology, Trodheim, 2012. 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 View publication stats 1 10 100 1000 Power (kW) 10000 Fig. 5. Cost of ORC machines Knowing the core chain value and elements is essential for the development of the technology and Fig. 6 shows different steps and elements. Finance and ownership, R&D, and political institutions are important partners that should not be overlooked. As ORC is a relatively technology the need for appropriate financial scheme such as feed-in-tariff is of great importance to encourage developers. More R&D will help overcome technical challenges raised in section IV. Legislative conditions favoring the use of waste heat is needed. 299 Cost (€/kW)PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Systems
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