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3. AERODYNAMIC FLOW CONTROL It is usual to distinguish two kinds of control: passive or active. Passive controls do not use external energy to modify the flow, while active controls use external energy. Passive control devices are generally permanently fixed on the aircraft and cannot be removed, even, they may be a part of the air plane specially designed to control a part of the flow around its body. This is for instance the case of curved end of wing. In opposite way, active control devices orprocesses may be acting or not depending on the flow configuration. Even if the classification of retractable devices has been sometimes debatable, they will be, following, classified as active control devices because they can be modify in function of the flight condition 3.1. Passive control devices. Two main devices have been perfected for control in aeronautics, riblets and Large Eddy Breakup devices Riblets are small grooves aligned with the free air stream. They modify the near-wall structure of the boundary layer. They found that the best shape seemed to be sharp peak and sharp or round valley. With such riblets profile they found 8% of drag reduction. The size of the riblets (distance between valley and peak) is rather small around 35 μm and can be made on plastic adhesive films stuck on the airfoil. Aircraft manufacturers like Boeing and Airbus have tried such films with 5 to 6% drag reduction. 6PDF Image | PLASMA FUNCTIONALIZATION OF MULTI-SCALE STRUCTURES
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